Grief and Mourning in Contemporary Parental Récits de deuil

自世纪之交以来，法国文学创作转向了“关系文学”，在这种文学中，“脆弱的个体”分享了他们的痛苦经历（Gefen, 2017）。鉴于最近批评的注意力集中在这些人的疾病和残疾的表现上，我的论文将采取一种新的方法，研究悲伤和哀悼的叙述，不仅打破了谈论死亡的禁忌，而且特别处理长期以来被描述为难以启齿的经历：失去一个孩子。尽管有几位作家探讨了法国社会对死亡、安乐死和姑息治疗态度的转变，但文学在理解悲伤和哀悼的复杂经历方面的作用在评论界仍然明显缺失。我的论文将以Rushworth（2016）和Elsner（2017）最近的两本专著为基础，这两本专著对这一主题进行了深入的分析。然而，这些研究集中在十九世纪或更早的文本上，我的项目将探索法国文学新形式在理解失落经历中的作用。我的研究重点是关于失去孩子的自传体文本，这与拉什沃斯和埃尔斯纳的作品也有根本的不同，他们避开了这一视角。此外，虽然NUI Maynooth的“母性项目”触及了流产或死产的泛欧文化话语，但我的作品将从母亲和父亲的角度，首次对当代法国r<s:1> citits de deuil进行扩展的文学分析。语料库处理父亲和母亲对突然的、意外的损失或因绝症而失去的反应的悲伤，选择这些独特的观点是为了确保这些独特的观点得到特权。要考虑的叙事包括知名和不太知名的作家的作品，如：玛丽·达里塞克，索菲·道尔，菲利普·福里斯特，卡米尔·劳伦斯和乔治·萨利斯。在最后一章中，我将比较网上发布的父母的薪金与关于悲伤和哀悼的文学叙述，以分析格芬的说法，即“与父母有关的薪金”导致了“与父母有关的薪金”和“与父母有关的薪金”之间区别的崩溃。以下研究问题将构成论文的五个章节：文学在产生失去经验的知识方面的作用是什么？亲身经历过丧子之痛的作家与没有经历过的作家的写作有何不同？母亲和父亲的悲伤叙事在风格、内容和语言方面有何不同？在失去孩子之后，写作对治愈过程有什么影响？关于法国文学格局的变化，当代的《解脱》告诉了我们什么？为了解决这些问题，我将采取三方面的方法。首先，仔细阅读父母的《生活细节》，将其置于影响其写作的社会文化背景中。其次，该项目将得到近期社会学和理论出版物的支持，这些出版物涉及家庭背景下的哀悼过程（beauthac, 2017）和创伤记忆阶段（Freud, 1917; Abraham & Torok, 1987; Caruth, 1996; Figley, 2012）。最后，论文的文学维度将通过研究Gefen的文学思想作为“r<s:1> paratrice”和文学在使失去的亲人不朽方面的作用来解决（Glaudes & rabat<s:1>, 2005）。在布列塔尼的儿科姑息治疗单位确认安置机会将通知论文，并为我的研究提供传播手段。我的工作在姑息治疗领域的实际应用，将与最近的《爱丁堡关键医学人文指南》（2016）中确定的两个优先事项完全吻合：超越英语世界，直接进入护理提供。

Since the turn of the century, there has been a shift in French literary production towards 'relational literature' in which the 'individu fragile' shares their experience of suffering (Gefen, 2017). Whereas recent critical attention has focused on representations of illness and disability in these récits, my thesis will take a new approach and examine grief and mourning in accounts that not only break the taboo on talking about death, but deal specifically with an experience that has long been characterised as unspeakable: the loss of a child. Although several writers have explored the shifting social attitudes towards death, euthanasia and palliative care in France, the role of literature in understanding the complex experiences of grief and mourning remains remarkably absent from the critical landscape. My thesis will build on two recent monographs, by Rushworth (2016) and Elsner (2017), which have initiated in-depth analysis of this theme. However, where these studies focused exclusively on texts from the long nineteenth century or earlier, my project will explore the role of new forms of French literature in understanding experiences of loss. In focusing on autobiographical texts that deal with the loss of a child, my project will also differ fundamentally from those by Rushworth and Elsner, who avoid this perspective. Moreover, while 'The Motherhood Project', at NUI Maynooth, has touched on pan-European cultural discourses of miscarriage or stillbirth, my work will provide the first extended literary analysis of contemporary French récits de deuil, from both motherly and fatherly perspectives. The corpus, dealing with the grief of fathers and mothers in reaction to a sudden, unanticipated loss or a loss through terminal illness, has been chosen to ensure that these distinctive perspectives are privileged. Narratives to be considered include works by well- and lesser-known authors, such as: Marie Darrieussecq, Sophie Daull, Philippe Forest, Camille Laurens and Georges Salines. In a final chapter, I will compare parental témoignages, published online, with literary narratives on grief and mourning, in order to analyse Gefen's claim that 'la littérature relationnelle' has brought about a collapse in distinctions between 'la littérature "ordinaire"' and 'la "haute" littérature'. The following research questions will structure the five thesis chapters: what is the role of literature in generating knowledge of the experience of loss? How do authors who have personally experienced the loss of a child write differently from those who have not? How do mothers' and fathers' grief narratives differ, in terms of style, content and language? How does writing impact upon the healing process, following the loss of a child? What do contemporary récits de deuil tell us about the shifting French literary landscape? In order to address these questions, I will take a tripartite methodological approach. Firstly, close readings of parental récits de deuil will be situated within the socio-cultural context that informs their writing. Secondly, the project will be supported by recent sociological and theoretical publications on the processes of mourning in family contexts (Beauthéac, 2017) and on the stages of traumatic memory (Freud, 1917; Abraham & Torok, 1987; Caruth, 1996; Figley, 2012). Finally, the literary dimensions of the thesis will be addressed by examining Gefen's idea of literature as 'réparatrice' and the role of literature in immortalising lost loved ones (Glaudes & Rabaté, 2005).A confirmed placement opportunity with a Paediatric Palliative Care Unit in Brittany will inform the thesis and provide a means of dissemination for my research. This practical application of my work, in the field of palliative care, will fit neatly with two of the priorities identified in the recent Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities (2016): moving beyond the anglophone world and feeding directly into care provision.