From Republic to Lordship. Southern Italian Influence on the Northern City-States' Governance and on the Rise of the Urban Lords

当我们认为意大利城邦被广泛认为是现代共和国的早期形式时（包括中世纪以外的研究，例如昆汀·斯金纳），研究它们向个人领主转变的重要性就变得清晰起来。13世纪下半叶，安茹的查理一世获得了西西里王国，为控制意大利其余大部分地区建立了坚实的权力基础，并计划进一步向东扩张。因此，大多数意大利北部的城市共和国都成为了一个由西西里国王管理的官方网络的一部分，这个网络被证明是圭尔夫（亲教皇）忠诚的。这篇文章的目的是考察这种霸权，直到1343年英王罗伯特（King Robert the Wise）去世，一场王朝危机戏剧性地改变了这种局面。直到最近，安茹王朝对许多意大利城镇的统治都被认为是不重要的插曲，通常只在关于城市公社的著作中被提及。一种研究意大利城市共和国历史的新方法最近被建立起来，它的工作假设是，安茹王朝对意大利北部城镇的政治动态至关重要。这一新的史学趋势侧重于分析公共官员的流通以及城市共和国从共和政体到签章政体的政治演变。这项研究的目的是将这种解释应用到博洛尼亚/罗马涅地区，这些地区目前完全没有从这个角度进行探索，但具有巨大的潜在意义。自20世纪60年代以来，约翰·拉纳（John Larner）在格拉斯哥（The Lords of Romagna）的研究承认了该地区对签署国政权发展的重要性，但安茹王朝在这一过程中的重要性尚未得到调查。该地区之所以特别重要，还因为它在地缘政治上是连接北方城市、教皇国和南方的关键纽带。此外，它也是贵尔甫派和吉伯林派政治派别之间的频繁战场（甚至是十字军东征的战场）。这两种身份创造了一种独特的政治紧张局势，这种紧张局势是该地区的特点，有利于个人领主。通过对意大利一个重要地区的分析，本研究将回答一个至关重要的主要研究问题：外部外国势力（意大利南部的安茹王朝）如何促成意大利北部城市精英的形成，以及这些精英最终如何创造个人（签署人）领主。此外，还将回答其他附属问题：意大利南部官员是如何被用来在意大利北部行使权力的，以及他们是如何被看待的。安茹王朝的长期统治对意大利文艺复兴时期地区国家的发展，对党派冲突，对超地方认同的形成以及对意大利南北关系的影响是什么？此外，在博洛尼亚和罗马涅的特殊案例研究中，本研究将确定：安热王朝如何影响官员的流动，个人的职业生涯，最终影响政府签名实践的发展，以及罗马大家族（奥尔西尼，科隆纳，卡塔尼）在这个过程中扮演了什么角色。该地区的司法管理，特别是反异端审判和对吉伯林派的迫害，是如何受到安茹王朝官员的影响的。这项研究将概述一个原型来解释政治精英的形成和signorie的发展，也适用于意大利内外的其他背景。特别是，将对意大利的局势与后霍亨斯陶芬时期的德国、法国南部、阿拉贡/加泰罗尼亚和卡斯蒂利亚王国的类似事态发展进行比较分析。

When we think that the Italian city-states are widely considered an early form of the modern republics (including outside medieval studies, e.g. Quentin Skinner), the importance of studying their transformation into personal lordships becomes clear.In the second half of the 13th century, with the acquisition of the Kingdom of Sicily, Charles I of Anjou, created a solid power base to control most of the rest of Italy, and planned further expansions towards the East. Thereby, most of the northern Italian city-republics came to be part of a network of officials of proven Guelph (pro-Papal) loyalty, managed by the King of Sicily. This proposal aims to examine this hegemony until the death of King Robert the Wise in 1343, when a dynastic crisis dramatically changed the situation.Until recently, the Angevin dominations in many Italian towns were considered unimportant interludes and have been usually just mentioned in the works on the city-communes. A new approach to the history of the Italian city-republics has been established recently and its working hypothesis is that the Angevin monarchy was crucial for the political dynamics of Northern Italian towns. This new historiographical trend has focused the analysis on the circulation of the communal officials and on the city-republic's political evolution from republican to signorial forms of government.This research aims to apply that interpretation to the areas of Bologna/Romagna which are currently totally unexplored from that point of view but are of great potential significance. The importance of this region for the development of signorial regimes has been acknowledged since the 1960s by John Larner's studies in Glasgow (The Lords of Romagna), but the importance of the Angevin dominations in that process has not been investigated. The region is also particularly significant because it was, geopolitically, a key linkage between the Northern cities, the Papal States and the South. Additionally, it was a frequent battleground between the political factions of Guelphs and Ghibellines (even the theatre of crusades). These two identities created a unique political tension, which characterised the region and favoured personal lordships.Through the analysis of a significant area of Italy, this research will answer a crucial, primary research question:How an external foreign power (the Southern Italian Angevin monarchy), contributed to the formation of urban elites in northern Italy and how these elites eventually created a personal (signorial) lordship.Also, other subsidiary questions will be answered:How southern Italian officials were used to wield power in northern Italy and how they were perceived.What was the impact of the Angevin dominations in the long term on the development of the regional states of the Italian Renaissance, on the party conflict, on the formation of supra-local identities and on the southern/northern Italian relationships.Moreover, in the particular case study of Bologna and Romagna, this research shall determine:How the Angevin monarchy affected the circulation of officials, the careers of individuals and eventually the development of signorial practices of government and what was the role of the great Roman families (Orsini, Colonna, Caetani), in this process. How the administration of justice in the region, in particular the anti-heretical trials and the persecution of the Ghibellines, was influenced by the Angevin officials.This research will outline an archetype to explain the formation of political elites and the development of signorie applicable also to other contexts, within and beyond Italy. In particular, a comparative analysis will be conducted between the Italian situation and similar developments in post-Hohenstaufen Germany, southern France and Kingdoms of Aragon/Catalonia and Castile.