TWIN STUDY OF ADHD, CD, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

描述（申请人的摘要）：虽然外化精神病理学， 注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和行为障碍（CD） 一直与药物滥用的发展有关， 尽管基因似乎会影响物质使用障碍的风险，而且这些 与精神病理学相关的形式，相对而言， 遗传影响的机制或遗传因素 联合收割机与非遗传因素共同影响 药物滥用和相关的行为障碍。为了解决 这些问题，我们建议启动一项纵向研究的400对 11岁的双胞胎，他们的父母。双胞胎将被识别 从出生记录中选出314对， 患有ADHD，早发性CD或两者兼而有之。另外，86对没有多动症的 CD也将被收录。当这314对受影响的组合与 青少年双胞胎对从我们的其他正在进行的研究项目，我们将有 超过500对双胞胎中至少有一个患有ADHD或 早发性CD（超过700例患者诊断为其中一种），以及 超过650对双胞胎都没有任何疾病。双胞胎和 父母将在11岁时进行初步评估，随后 每年进行一次简短的电话访谈，并亲自进行随访 每三年评估一次。现场评估将包括 综合测量：1）精神状态，2）心理生理 风险标志物，3）个人水平的风险因素，包括个性和 成就，以及4）环境风险因素，包括对父母的依恋， 对学校的依恋和同伴群体模型。在第一阶段， 资金，11岁入学和14岁随访数据的分析将集中在 表征遗传和环境对早发性物质的贡献 使用.为此，我们将：1）调查ADHD与 早发性CD伴已知的青少年物质使用风险因素（例如， 家庭和同伴关系）和青少年药物使用发作前 15岁，2）风险因素和诊断数据的完整生物统计学分析 估计遗传和环境因素在多大程度上有助于 这些因素的个体差异，3）调查 基因型-环境互作及贡献的相关模型 ADHD和去抑制精神病理学对早发性青少年物质的影响 使用.我们的目的是继续跟踪这一队列，直到成年早期， 这些模型对成人药物滥用的适用性可以 评估。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's Abstract): Although externalizing psychopathology such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) have been consistently associated with the development of substance abuse, and although genes appear to influence risk for substance use disorders and these related forms of psychopathology, relatively little is known about the mechanism of genetic influence or the processes by which genetic factors combine with non-genetic factors to affect the development and course of substance abuse and these related behavioral disorders. In order to address these issues, we propose to initiate a longitudinal study of 400 pairs of 11-year-old twins, their mothers and their fathers. Twins will be identified from birth records and selected so that 314 of the pairs will have at least one member with ADHD, early-onset CD, or both. An additional, 86 pairs without ADHD or CD will also be included. When these 314 affected pairs are combined with adolescent twin pairs from our other ongoing research projects, we will have more than 500 pairs of twins having at least one member with either ADHD or early-onset CD (yielding over 700 individuals with one of these diagnoses), and over 650 twin pairs where both members have neither disorder. Twins and the parents will be initially assessed in-person at age 11, followed subsequently with brief telephone interviews annually and with a follow-up in-person assessment every three years. The in-person assessment will include comprehensive measurement of: 1) psychiatric status, 2) psychophysiological markers of risk, 3) individual-level risk factors including personality and achievement, and 4) environmental risk factors including attachment to parents, attachment to schools, and peer group models. For the initial period of funding, analysis of the age 11 intake and age 14 follow-up data will focus on characterizing genetic and environmental contributions to early onset substance use. Towards this end we will: 1) investigate the relationship of ADHD and early-onset CD with known risk factors for adolescent substance use (e.g., family and peer relationships) and with adolescent substance use onset prior to age 15, 2) complete biometrical analysis of the risk factor and diagnostic data to estimate the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences on these factors, and 3) investigate genotype-environment interactional and correlational models of the contribution of ADHD and disinhibitory psychopathology on early onset adolescent substance use. Our intent is to continue to follow this cohort through early adulthood so that the applicability of these models for adult substance abuse can be assessed.