Elucidating understanding and realising device improvements in halide perovskite tandem cells through construction of a high-throughput characterisati

永久性太阳能电池（PSCs）已迅速成为最有前途的新兴光伏技术。自成立以来不到十年，PSC已经实现了与当前市场领导者硅太阳能电池相当的功率转换效率。这种快速发展可以通过卤化铅钙钛矿的优异光电性能（例如高吸收系数和长载流子扩散长度）、产生高质量材料的简易合成路线以及通过成分工程调整材料性能（例如带隙）的可能性来解释。带隙调谐使得制造钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池成为可能，其中具有不同带隙钙钛矿的两个子电池彼此堆叠，从而允许更有效地收集太阳光谱。单结PSC已经使用广泛的技术进行了研究，并且器件物理越来越好地理解。对于串联器件来说，情况要少得多，部分原因是研究兴趣现在才刚刚建立，但主要是因为这些器件系统的复杂性增加。层和接口的数量增加了一倍多，使得光子耦合和电子电荷收集的设计和理解成为一项技术挑战，但也是至关重要的挑战之一。此外，一个子电池中的过程通常不能完全独立于另一个子电池进行研究。由于制造和测量非常耗时，通常只研究最少量的样品。这导致文献中出现相互矛盾且重现性差的报告。在这个项目中，我们的目标是开发新的高通量电子和光学表征方法，并使用这些方法来进一步了解串联PSC的能量和光子特性。目标目标1：设计和建立一个高通量的设置，以研究操作中串联设备中各个接口的光电过程。目标2：使用定制的装置测量串联PSC的基本电气特性，并研究这些特性在操作条件下如何演变目标3：模拟包括光子结构的器件行为以使光吸收和器件性能最大化。

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly become the most promising emerging photovoltaic technology. Less than a decade since their inception, PSCs have already achieved power conversion efficiencies comparable to silicon solar cells, the current market leader. This rapid development can be explained by the excellent optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites, such as high absorption coefficients and long carrier diffusion lengths, facile synthesis routes yielding high quality material and the possibility to tune material properties, such as the bandgap, by compositional engineering. Bandgap tuning makes it possible to make a perovskite tandem solar cell, where two sub-cells with a different bandgap perovskite are stacked on top of each other, allowing more efficient harvesting of the solar spectrum.Single junction PSCs have been studied using a wide range of techniques and device physics are increasingly well understood. This is much less the case for tandem devices, in part because research interest is only building now, but mainly because of the increased complexity of these device systems. The number of layers and interfaces is more than doubled, making design and understanding of photonic in-coupling and electronic charge collection a technical challenge, but one of paramount importance. In addition, processes in one of the sub-cells often cannot be studied fully independently from the other sub-cell.As fabrication and measurements are very time consuming, typically a minimal amount of samples is studied. This has led to contradictory and poorly reproducible reports in literature. In this project we aim to develop new high-throughput electronic and optical characterisation methods and use these to further our understanding of the energetic and photonic properties of tandem PSCs.ObjectivesObjective 1: Design and build a high-throughput setup to study optoelectronic processes at individual interfaces in tandem devices under operation.Objective 2: Measure fundamental electrical properties of tandem PSCs using the custom-built setup and study how these properties evolve under operating conditions (bias and illumination).Objective 3: Simulating device behaviour including photonic structures to maximise light absorption and device performance.