The Politics of Transformation: Improvement, gender and Transitional Housing in Cape Town, South Africa

世界上有8.4亿人无法获得电力，29亿人无法获得清洁烹饪（世界银行，2019年，第3页），由于根深蒂固的文化性别规范，妇女和儿童首当其冲。因此，能源系统和家庭空间在妇女的生存、生产和生殖活动中发挥着重要作用。世界各地的能源贫困总体上正在减少，但预计到2030年将有6.74亿人缺乏足够的电力供应，其中90%将在撒哈拉以南非洲，那里约有一半的人口生活在不适当的贫民窟条件下（世界银行，2019年，第4页）。南非开普敦的“过渡性住房”案例研究和埃塞俄比亚阿迪斯的综合住房发展方案都试图通过激进的住房计划解决大量住房积压、城市非正规性和社会不平等问题，这些计划的目的不仅是提供住房，而且是改变生活。因此，本提案的目标是：（1）了解住房和能源获取方面的物质变化如何改变日常做法，以及（2）这种转变是否正在朝着更公平的城市发展。传统的行为改变理论认为，个人是自主的，可以控制自己的选择，而国家和机构只是作为推动者或阻止不太理想的行为（Shove，2010年，第1280页）。然而，社会实践理论提供了一个替代框架，将能源消费作为一种“社会结构”（Shove，2010）来探索，这种结构受到多重、物质、社会、文化和政治因素的影响。因此，我打算（3）使用这个框架来更好地理解能源作为一种“社会结构”，以走向更具变革性的政策制定，战略性地针对家庭空间和能源的严重不平等和性别生活经验。

840 million people in the world lack access to electricity and 2.9 billion lack access to clean cooking (World Bank, 2019, p.3), with women and children bearing the brunt of this energy poverty due to deeply embedded cultural gender norms. As a result, both energy systems and domestic space play a substantial role in women's subsistence, productive and reproductive activities. Energy poverty is generally reducing around the world, yet of the 674 million people predicted to lack adequate electricity access in 2030, 90 percent will be in Sub-Saharan Africa where approximately half the population live in inadequate slum conditions (World Bank, 2019, p.4). The case studies of "Transitional Housing" in Cape Town, South Africa and the Integrated Housing Development Programme (IHDP) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia both attempt to address a vast housing backlog, urban informality and social inequality through radical housing schemes which aim to not just provide shelter but transform lives. The objective of this proposal is thus to (1) understand how a material change in housing and access to energy can transform every day practices, and (2) if such transformations are moving towards more equitable cities. Traditional behaviour change theories assume that individuals are autonomous and in control of their choices whilst states and institutions simply act as enablers or deter less desired behaviours (Shove, 2010, p. 1280). Social practice theory, however, provides an alternative framework to explore energy consumption as a "social construct" (Shove, 2010) that is affected by multiple, material, social, cultural and political actors. I therefore intend to (3) use this framework to produce a better understanding of energy as a "social construct" to move towards more transformative policy making which strategically targets the deeply unequal and perhaps gendered lived experiences of domestic space and energy.