Building resilience in coastal governance: ethics and justice in responsible innovation

在英国，沿海地区是最容易受到气候变化影响的地区之一。海平面上升、侵蚀、频繁的风暴潮和洪水已经给沿海基础设施、社区和自然环境带来了压力。因此，迫切需要以适应气候变化影响为重点的沿海管理的创新和战略方法(CCC，2018年)。这些方法的引入和应用给沿海管理者和政策制定者提出了关于创新方法在不同时间和空间尺度上的效果和影响的问题和问题，例如：--这些创新项目直接针对的是哪些行为者和社区？在哪些时间尺度上？在实施这些创新项目的选择上做出了哪些权衡？-这些项目中的一些会不会在较长时间内无效甚至有害？-这些项目能够增强沿海地区的社会和生态弹性吗？如果是这样，如何以及在哪些时间尺度上？要更好地理解这些复杂的问题，需要汇集自然科学数据，例如地貌变化的模型，以支持对社会变化和环境正义影响的理解，这是这个学生关注的重点。这个项目侧重于诺福克海岸，这是一个特别容易受到侵蚀和风暴潮影响的地区，也是一个围绕其沿海管理做法的长期历史，有时也是有争议的历史(O‘Riordan等人)。2014年)。自世纪之交以来，沿着这条海岸线，沿海管理方法已朝着更广泛地接受“软工程方法”的方向发展，这种方法的运作更符合海岸特定部分发生的自然过程。为保护脆弱的海岸线和为沿海社区建立对环境变化的适应能力而推广的一种“软”替代方案是“沙化”(Vikolainen等人)。2017年)。2019年夏天，英国首次在北诺福克海岸的巴克顿和沃尔科特尝试沙景。这提供了一个独特的案例研究，专门探讨和了解环境正义问题和创新沿海管理对策在适应、沿海管理做法和决策方面的其他影响。

Coastal zones are some of the most vulnerable areas to impacts from climate change in the UK. Sea level rise, erosion, frequent storm surges and flooding already put pressure on coastal infrastructure, communities, and the natural environment. Consequently, innovative and strategic approaches to coastal management focused on adapting to the effects of climate change are urgently needed (CCC, 2018). The introduction and application of these approaches raises questions and issues for coastal managers and policy makers on the effects and impacts of innovative approaches on different temporal and spatial scales, for example: - Which actors and communities do these innovative projects directly aim to benefit? Over which timescales? Which trade-offs are made in the choices to implement these innovative projects?- Could some of these projects be ineffective or even harmful in the longer term?- Are these projects able to enhance social and ecological resilience of coastal areas? If so, how and over which timescales? Developing a stronger understanding of these complex issues requires bringing together natural science data, such as modelling of geomorphological change, to underpin understandings of social change and implications for environmental justice, which this studentship focuses on.This project focuses on the Norfolk coast, an area particularly at risk from erosion and storm surges, and one with a long and, at times, contested history surrounding its coastal management practices (O'Riordan et al. 2014). Since the turn of the century, along this coastline, coastal management approaches have moved towards a greater acceptance of 'soft engineering approaches', which operate more in tune with natural processes occurring at specific sections of the coast. One 'soft' alternative that has been promoted to protect vulnerable coastlines and build resilience to environmental change for coastal communities is 'sandscaping' (Vikolainen et al. 2017). Sandscaping was attempted for the first time in the UK at Bacton and Walcott, on the North Norfolk coast, during the summer of 2019. This provides a unique case study to specifically explore and understand the environmental justice issues and other implications of innovative coastal management responses, in relation to adaptation, coastal management practices and decision-making.