The contribution of equitable governance of protected areas to achieving effective biodiversity conservation

保护区是应对目前生物多样性极端丧失的关键工具。尽管保护区覆盖率几乎达到了《生物多样性公约》设定的2020年17%的目标，但人们担心，许多保护区在保护生物多样性方面没有达到应有的效果。与此同时，越来越多的证据表明，保护区可以通过限制当地人民的生计活动等方式给当地人民带来成本。虽然在道德上有很强的理由认为保护区不会对当地人民造成伤害，但对假定的“工具性”论点的探讨相对较少，即更公平的治理(例如承认当地社区的用益物权)将通过管理方面的变化(例如为特定产品提供收获配额和让当地人参与监测)产生更好的生物多样性结果(例如减少对濒危物种的非法使用)。该项目旨在通过探索保护区的公平治理对实现有效的生物多样性保护的贡献来解决这一差距。它将通过以下方式做到这一点：(I)评估30个地点的公平性与生物多样性结果之间的关联程度；(Ii)制定一个框架，对工具途径进行概念化和分析(S)；(Iii)在两个保护区深入探索其中一条或多条潜在途径。这项研究将有助于更有效地保护生物多样性，为工具性论点提供证据，从而提高保护区管理者投资股权的兴趣，将其作为其核心业务的一部分。该项目将采取分阶段和跨学科的方法。在第一年，该项目将分析目前与国际环境与发展研究所(IIED)共同试行“治理和公平的现场评估”(SAGE)新工具的大约30个地点的数据，以确定公平得分与生物多样性结果之间的任何关联程度。利用文献资料，该项目还将为更公平的保护区治理的工具性论证制定指标。在第二年和第三年期间，将在肯尼亚和/或纳米比亚的两个地点进行深入的实地工作，这些地点的治理由国家和当地社区“共享”，并且生物多样性结果正在改善。除了在每个地点进行SAGE评估外，该项目还将使用个人和小组访谈来绘制治理、管理和生物多样性成果随时间的变化情况图，并探索它们之间的重要联系。除了与学术界分享研究结果并反馈给当地利益攸关方外，宣传活动还将侧重于利用国际教育发展研究所在该领域的广泛专业网络和声誉，接触保护从业者和政策制定者。

Protected areas are a key tool for combating current extreme rates of biodiversity loss. Although protected area coverage has almost reached the 2020 target of 17% set by the Convention on Biological Diversity, there is concern that many protected areas are not as effective in conserving biodiversity as they should be. At the same time, there is growing evidence of the costs protected areas can impose on local people, e.g. by placing restrictions on their livelihood activities. While there is a strong moral argument for ensuring that protected areas do no harm to local people, there is as yet relatively little exploration of the assumed 'instrumental' argument that more equitable governance (e.g. recognition of the usufruct rights of local communities) will - via changes in management (e.g. provision of harvesting quotas for specific products and involvement of local people in monitoring) - result in better biodiversity outcomes (e.g. less illegal use of endangered species).The project aims to address this gap by exploring the contribution of equitable governance of protected areas to the achievement of effective biodiversity conservation. It will do so by (i) assessing the extent of the correlation between equity and biodiversity outcomes at 30 sites; (ii) developing a framework for conceptualising and analysing the instrumental pathway(s); and (iii) exploring one or more of these potential pathways in-depth in two protected areas. The research will contribute to more effective iodiversity conservation by building evidence for the instrumental argument and thus increasing interest among protected area managers to invest in equity as a part of their core business.The project will take a phased and interdisciplinary approach. In Year 1, the project will analyse data from around 30 sites currently piloting a new tool for 'Site-level Assessment of Governance and Equity' (SAGE) with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) to determine the extent of any correlation between equity scores and biodiversity outcomes. Drawing on the literature, the project will also elaborate indicators for the instrumental argument for more equitable protected area governance. During Years 2 and 3, in-depth fieldwork will be carried out in Kenya and/or Namibia at two sites where governance is 'shared' between the state and local communities and where biodiversity outcomes are improving. In addition to undertaking a SAGE assessment at each site, the project will use individual and group interviews to map changes over time in governance, management and biodiversity outcomes and explore the instrumental links between them. In addition to sharing findings with academics and feeding back to local stakeholders, dissemination activities will focus on reaching conservation practitioners and policymakers making use of IIED's extensive professional networks and reputation in this field.