The grief of the kings of England, 1066-1307

在中世纪鼎盛时期，情感文化是复杂的、多变的，是王权运作的核心。悲伤是特别强大和危险的。同时代的资料中充斥着对国王表达极端、虚弱和经常公开悲伤的描述。这些描述能告诉我们那段时期悲伤和王权的本质是什么？我将研究国王悲伤的实例，以确定从11世纪到13世纪，悲伤和对悲伤的态度是如何变化的（Boquet/Nagy, 2018）；情感在加强或削弱国王的影响力、影响力和合法性方面的作用；以及悲伤和身份之间的关系。很少有人研究中世纪盛期的悲伤和王权，也很少有人研究与死亡相关的情感历史。虽然学者们对悲伤进行了简单的探讨(Boquet and Nagy (2018), Evans (2003), Korpiola and Lahtinen(2005))，但对前现代悲伤的研究主要集中在其他时间、地点和主题上（Vaught, 2003; Aldrin, 2005; Lansing, 2008; Sullivan, 2013; Mills, 2013）。以情感史的视角和方法论来描述这一时期国王悲伤的来源还有待分析。只有通过分析悲伤在不同情况下的确切意义，我们才能描绘出情感社区，并开始分解它不断变化的意义。在我的本科论文《英格兰亨利二世的悲痛》的基础上，我将把重点放在从征服者威廉到爱德华一世的英格兰国王的悲痛上，这是一个其他人已经确定的重大情感变化时期。我将比较同一时期完成的关于法国君主的工作，以检验在这一时期悲伤文化仍然是共同的假设（Korpiola/Lahtinen, 2005）。除了分析历代国王悲伤的记录外，我还将研究信件、生活和给国王的建议（如王子的镜子和安慰），以获得给王子适当悲伤的描述和指示。在这些资料中，作者——通常是神职人员——借鉴、解释和改编了圣经中男性悲伤的模式和更广泛的宗教思想，从教父——尤其是圣奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》——到不断变化的当代哲学。这些背景——与医学文献一起——揭示了对激情及其精神和身体影响的不断变化的理解；它们是拆解悲伤文化的关键。诗歌和宫廷文学可能表明世俗文化与宗教规定的不同之处。对各种各样的描述、赞扬、谴责和建议的来源进行比较，将提供一幅重叠和不同的情感文化的画面。如果悲伤和王权的相互关联的历史被忽视了，那么情绪的历史是一个不断发展的领域，越来越多地被理解为理解历史变化的核心（Bailey/Barclay, 2017）。中世纪时期的情感具有巨大的政治、文化和社会意义：情感表现是王权的重要工具，具有在社会各个层面统一和排斥、组织和破坏的力量（Boquet和Nagy， 2018）。对情感描述的分析将捕捉到编年史家试图传达的信息，以及当代观众所理解的内容。通过研究国王的悲伤，我将为中世纪盛期的王权、史学和情感提供一个新的视角。

Cultures of emotion in the high medieval era were complex, shifting, and central to the operation of royal power. Grief was particularly potent and dangerous. Contemporary sources are littered with descriptions of kings expressing extreme, debilitating, and often public grief. What can these descriptions tell us about the nature of grief and kingship during the period? I will examine instances of kingly grief to determine how grief and attitudes to grieving changed from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries (Boquet/Nagy, 2018); the role of emotions in strengthening or weakening a king's influence, reach and legitimacy; and the relationship between grief and identity. Little work has been done on grief and kingship in the high middle ages or on the history of emotions related to death. Though scholars have touched briefly on grief (Boquet and Nagy (2018), Evans (2003), and Korpiola and Lahtinen (2005)), studies of pre-modern grief focus on other times, places, and subjects (Vaught, 2003; Aldrin, 2005; Lansing, 2008; Sullivan, 2013; Mills, 2013). The sources describing the grief of the kings of the period with the perspective and methodologies of the history of emotion have yet to be analysed. Only by analysing the precise meaning of grief in its varied occurrences can we delineate emotional communities and begin to unpick its changing meaning.Building on my undergraduate dissertation, The Grief of Henry II of England, I will focus on the grief of England's kings from William the Conqueror to Edward I, a period of significant emotional change as others have identified. I will compare the work completed on French monarchs of the same era to test the assumption that the culture of grief remained shared across the period (Korpiola/Lahtinen, 2005). As well as undertaking an analysis of the accounts in chronicles of kings grieving, I will examine letters, lives, and advice to kings (such as mirrors of princes and consolatio) for descriptions and instructions given to princes on appropriate grieving. In these sources, the authors - often ecclesiastics - draw on, interpret and adapt biblical models of male grief and broader religious thought, from the patristics - particularly St Augustine's Confessions - to changing contemporary philosophies. These contexts - alongside medical texts - reveal changing understandings of passions and their spiritual and physical effect; they are key to unpicking the cultures of grief. Poetry and courtly literature may indicate where lay culture may differ from religious prescription. A comparison of a broad range of sources which variously describe, praise, condemn, and advise will offer a picture of overlapping and varying emotional culture.If the interrelated history of grief and kingship has been neglected, the history of emotions is a growing field, increasingly understood as central to comprehending historical change (Bailey/Barclay, 2017). Emotions during the medieval era had enormous political, cultural, and social significance: emotional displays were an essential tool of kingship, with the power to unify and exclude, organise and disrupt, across every level of society (Boquet and Nagy, 2018). An analysis of descriptions of emotion on their own terms will capture what chroniclers sought to convey, and what contemporary audiences understood. By studying the grief of kings, I will offer a new perspective on kingship, historiography and emotion during the high middle ages.