Spectroscopic Speciation of Sulfur in Whole Cells

超出提供的空间。我们建议发展硫K边X射线吸收近边光谱，以便它可以用于监测和提高我们对生命系统中硫代谢的了解，特别是在哺乳动物细胞中。目前还没有有效的硫在生物体系中的光谱探针。X射线吸收光谱将检测样品中所有化学形态的硫，无论是固体、水溶液还是任何其他形式，不同形式的硫显示出截然不同的光谱。因此，在有利的条件下，我们可以定量区分生物样品中不同形态的硫。不需要任何前处理，该技术至少是潜在的非破坏性的。我们提出的这项工作的最终目标是提供一个健康和患病组织中代谢状态的体内探测器。拟议的工作可分为两大类：1.大宗测量，即使用大型X射线束询问样品，以提供平均硫形态。我们建议研究活的哺乳动物细胞培养物中硫的生物化学，特别是极化上皮细胞培养物对渗透压休克的反应、细胞分化过程中的变化、细胞凋亡以及与细胞机械刺激相关的反应。2.化学特异性成像，我们建议发展硫K边X射线吸收光谱成像，作为一种工具来研究不同化学形态的硫在完整活细胞中的定位。在这项技术中，X射线微聚焦光学被用来产生非常小的光束，并使用精心选择的入射X射线能量对样品进行栅格扫描，以区分特定类别的化合物。我们最初的研究将集中在植物细胞上，因为它们体积大，含硫量高。随着技术分辨率和实验方法的提高，我们将把这种方法应用到更具挑战性的系统中，最终目标是1 PM分辨率的探针可以应用于哺乳动物细胞。表演网站========================================Section End===========================================

EXCEED THE SPACE PROVIDED. We propose to develop sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy so that it can be used to monitor and to improve our understanding of sulfur metabolism in living systems, and especially in mammalian cells. There are currently no effective spectroscopic probes of sulfur in biological systems. X- ray absorption spectroscopy will detect all chemical forms of sulfur in a sample, in solid, in aqueous solution or in any other form, and different forms of sulfur display strikingly different spectra. Under favorable conditions we can therefore quantitatively discriminate between different forms of sulfur in biological samples. No pre-treatment is needed and the technique is at least potentially non-destructive. The ultimate goal of the work we propose is to provide an in vivo probe of metabolic status in healthy and diseased tissue. The proposed work can be divided into two major categories: 1. Bulk measurements, where a large X-ray beam is used to interrogate samples to provide the average sulfur speciation. We propose to study the sulfur biochemistry of living mammalian cell cultures, and specifically the responses of polarized epithelial cultures to osmotic shock, changes during cell differentiation, apoptosis, and responses associated with mechanical stimulation of the cells. 2. Chemically-specific imaging, where we propose to develop sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy imaging as a tool for investigating the localization of different chemical forms of sulfur in intact living cells. In this technique X-ray micro-focusing optics are used to produce a very small beam, and the sample is raster scanned using carefully chosen incident X-ray energies to discriminate specific categories of compounds. Our initial studies will focus on plant cells, because of their large size and high sulfur content. As the resolution of the technique and the experimental methodology improve, we will apply the method to more challenging systems, with the ultimate goal of a 1 pm resolution probe that can be applied to mammalian cells. PERFORMANCE SITE ========================================Section End===========================================