New and Improved formulations of Pressure Sensitive Paints for Aerodynamics

压敏涂料（PSP）是一种空气动力学研究技术，可以测量整个空气动力学表面的压力，从而集成表面上的负载。除此之外，该技术还可以在传统传感器无法定位的区域进行压力测量。当正确应用于表面时，可以进行非定常压力测量，从而可以研究诸如振动、空腔振荡甚至瞬态气动流动等现象。这种增加的能力代表了工程师研究空气动力学流动和车辆能力的一个步骤变化。PSP方法依靠氧的发光猝灭来灭活被称为发光团的光活性分子。自本世纪初以来，目前使用的发光团一直保持不变。将发光团应用于表面的最常见方法包括使用透氧粘合剂材料。这种粘结材料在近20年里一直保持不变。目前商业供应商提供的唯一PSP配方是基于高氟化分子(五氟四苯基卟啉铂、铂（TFPP）和氟化结合剂（聚合物），因此非常昂贵，氧猝灭性能仍未得到优化。该项目将研究传统PSP配方（Pt(TFPP)）的替代品，目的是开发新的PSP配方，比目前的市售配方更敏感、更有效、更便宜。这将通过合成一系列卟啉发光团来实现，这些发光团的氟化程度大大降低，根本不含氟基团，也不含重金属铂。这些新分子的三重态氧猝灭特性将通过发光光谱测定和单线态氧量子产率测定来确定。然后，最有希望的候选材料将与一系列具有高透氧性的普通聚合物一起进行粘合剂测试，然后在模型风洞条件下评估涂层配方和PSP性能的最佳组合。

Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) is an aerodynamic investigation technique that allows for the measurement of pressure over an entire aerodynamic surface allowing for integration of loads over surfaces. In addition to this, the technique allows for pressure measurement in areas where traditional sensors cannot be located. When applied correctly to a surface, unsteady pressure measurements can be made allowing for investigations of phenomena such as buffet, cavity oscillations, and even transient aerodynamic flow. This added capability has represented a step change in the ability of engineers to investigate aerodynamic flows and vehicles. The PSP method relies on the luminescence quenching of oxygen to deactivate a photoactive molecule known as a luminophore. Luminophores currently under use have remained unchanged since the early 00s. The most common methodology of applying the luminophore to a surface involves the use of an oxygen permeable binder material. This binder material again has remained unchanged for almost 20 years. The only PSP formulation currently available from commercial suppliers are based on heavily fluorinated molecules (platinium pentafluoro-tetraphenyl porphyrin, Pt(TFPP) and fluorinated binding agents (polymers), are therefore extremely expensive and the oxygen quenching properties remain unoptimised.This project will investigate alternatives to the traditional PSP formulation (Pt(TFPP)) with the aim of developing new PSP formulations that are more sensitive, efficient and cheaper than current commercially available formulations. This will be achieved by synthesising a range of porphyrin luminophores that contain either a significantly reduced degree of fluorination, no fluorinated groups at all and that do not contain the heavy metal platinum. The triplet oxygen quenching properties of these new molecules will be determined by luminescence spectroscopy and the singlet oxygen quantum yields determined. The most promising candidates will then be taken forward for binder testing with a range of common polymers that possess a high oxygen permeability, and then the best performing combinations assessed for coating formulations and PSP performances in model wind tunnel conditions.