Transnational migration and gendered development in Kerala, India.

尽管在过去20年里，印度经济强劲增长，在某些衡量标准上，该国已跻身世界前五大经济体之列，但在此期间，我们看到印度国内的经济和社会不平等加剧。根据种姓、性别、阶级、宗教和地区，当代印度的经济和社会分化尤为严重。印度显然需要各种形式的社会分化的包容性经济发展和福利。国际移徙与发展之间的关系最近已成为全球、国家和区域政策制定的一个关键领域，也是全世界学术研究的重点，尤其是与全球南方有关。印度的情况尤其如此。对居住在国外的印度侨民社区向国内转移的汇款、投资、慈善捐款、知识、技能和社会资本进行了严格和日益严格的审查和立法。众所周知，印度是世界上最大的外国汇款接收国，其价值超过了对该国的国际援助，而且经常超过外国对该国的直接投资。此外，人们越来越认识到，印度的国际移徙与发展关系远远超出汇款范畴，涵盖跨国金融投资、慈善事业、技能、思想和知识转让，以及文化、宗教和政治交易。然而，海外印度人作为发展参与者，尽管现在在政策方面意义重大，但它是一个相对较新的现象，我们有很多需要学习的。虽然学术和政策讨论中的主要论述倾向于庆祝印度移民跨国主义和印度发展之间的进步关系，但最近一些学术研究对它们进行了限定，这些研究强调国际移徙与发展关系的复杂性和模糊性，并呼吁进行更微妙的分析。移民跨国主义可能会加剧和造成印度国内的社会分化和不平等，破坏包容性发展，同时促进一些人的经济发展。重要的是要审查跨国空间的移民跨国主义的影响，特别是对那些没有迁徙的人的影响。在这方面，建议需要进一步研究，以确定喀拉拉邦移徙-发展关系在性别方面的持续和长期影响和影响。由S.Irudaya Rajan教授进行的喀拉拉邦移民调查--最近一次是针对2018年--记录了自1998年以来喀拉拉邦的发展和移民趋势。与印度其他地区的增长相比，喀拉拉邦的发展规模，特别是在教育方面，提高了识字率和健康成果，是进步最大的。例如，女性识字率达到92%，预期寿命74岁，出生率降低(发展研究中心)。

Despite strong economic growth in India over the past twenty years, resulting in the country beingplaced within the top five world economies on some measurements, we have seen the intensificationof economic and social inequalities within India during this period. Contemporary India is particularlyeconomically and socially divided on the basis of caste, gender, class, religion and region. There is aclear need for inclusive economic development and welfare across forms of social differentiation inIndia.The relationship between international migration and development has recently emerged as a keyarea of global, national and regional policy making, as well as a focus of academic research throughoutthe world but particularly with reference to the global south. This is particularly the case in India.Intense and increasing scrutiny and legislation is being applied to the remittances, investments,philanthropic donations, knowledge, skills and social capital transmitted 'home' by Indian diasporiccommunities living abroad. India is famously the largest foreign remittance receiving country in theworld, the value of which outstrips international aid to, and regularly exceeds foreign directinvestment in, the nation. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognised that the Indian internationalmigration-development nexus goes well beyond remittances to encompass transnational financialinvestments, philanthropy, skills, ideas and knowledge transfer, as well as cultural, religious andpolitical transactions. Nevertheless, the overseas Indian as development actor is, while now hugelysignificant in policy terms, a relatively new phenomenon about which we have much to learn. Whiledominant discourses within academic and policy discussions tend to celebrate the progressiverelationship between Indian migrant transnationalism and Indian development, they have recentlybeen qualified by a number of academic studies which emphasize the complexity and ambiguity, andcall for more nuanced analyses, of the international migration-development nexus. Migranttransnationalism can exacerbate and create social differentiation and inequality within India,undermining inclusive development while simultaneously promoting economic development forsome. It is important to examine the impact of migrant transnationalism across transnational space,with the effects upon those who do not migrate being especially important.It is within this it is proposed that further research is required to ascertain the ongoing and longerterm impact and effect of the migration-development nexus in Kerala in relation to gender. The KeralaMigration Surveys, conducted by Professor S. Irudaya Rajan - the most recent of which for 2018document development and migration trends since 1998 in Kerala. Demonstrating the scale ofdevelopment taking place within Kerala, particularly with regard to education, improving literacy ratesand health outcomes, which compared with growth within the rest of India, are the most improved.For example, female literacy rates have reached 92%, life expectancy 74 and birth rates havedecreased (Centre for Development Studies).