Incentivising Professionals to Facilitate Serious and Organised Crimes: Motivations, Networks and Rationalisations

它整合了犯罪学和社会网络分析方法，以经验性地检查和建立关于如何以及为什么是专业的行为者(律师、会计师、公证人、顾问、公司成立代理等)的理论。被鼓励为英国境内的严重和有组织犯罪提供便利。是什么动机促使这些专业演员成为并继续参与为犯罪活动提供便利？利润、胁迫、恐惧、野心等。人际关系网络是如何随着时间的推移而建立和维持的？例如，面对面的、兄弟般的、在线的、匿名的通过金融机构进行的交易)专业人士如何使他们的行为和参与合理化、中立化或正当化？为了解决这些问题，将利用对违规专业人员的大约30次叙述性采访，并对已知案例进行分析(包括分享从苏格兰警察那里学到的经验)。叙事法将被用来获得对罪犯的描述的洞察，关于他们是如何作为促进者参与的，是什么激励/激励了这种参与，以及他们如何使自己的行为合理化/中和。此外，还将使用创新的自我网络社交网络分析来建立对职业关系的理解。自我网络分析的基本原理是探索个人(自我)的个人网络，重点放在他们与其他行为者(改变者)的直接联系上。被约谈的“罪犯”可以确定其联系人的一般特征(他们的作用是什么，他们在哪些领域工作)，根据其协助网络的凝聚力或支离力以及这种网络在不同领域(刑事、金融、机构)的覆盖范围来创建合作者的概况。苏格兰警察将发挥作用，查明相关个人以及其他相关刑事司法和监管机构已审结的案件的公共领域数据，并分享他们从所调查案件中学到的经验。访谈数据将作为案例研究，通过说明性的时间表和网络地图提供信息。它还将被导入UCINET(Borgatti等人，2002)和NETDRAW(Borgatti，2002)软件，用于社交网络分析。尽管文献中相对一致地认为，具有关键技能的专业行为者为有组织犯罪提供便利，但专业行为者参与的动机以及他们被识别、招募和维持的过程仍未得到充分探索(Lord等人，2018年)。随着理论的发展，这项研究的结果将为执法当局的利益攸关方提供：i)全面了解如何以及为什么激励专业行为者为有组织犯罪活动提供便利；ii)为针对这些行为/行为者/网络中的脆弱性提供证据基础。这项研究还将与在塑造易受便利的关键职业的行为方面发挥作用的专业团体进行接触。将与相关执法当局安排研讨会，分享调查结果和开发的政策“工具包”，以便与学术出版物一起向政策制定者提供信息。

This integrates a criminological and social network analysis approach to empirically examine and build theory on how and why 'professional' actors (lawyers, accountants, notaries, consultants, company formation agents, etc.) are incentivised to facilitate serious and organised crimes within the UK.What motivates these professional actors to become and remain involved in facilitating criminal activity? Profit, coercion, fear, ambition etc.How are the networks of personal relations established and maintained over time? e.g. face to face, fraternal, online, anonymously, transactions through financial institutions) How do professionals rationalise, neutralise or justify their behaviours and participation? e.g. common practice, no real/direct harm).To address these questions, approximately 30 narrative interviews with offending professionals will be utilised, alongside an analysis of known cases (including shared learning from Police Scotland). The narrative approach will be used to elicit insights into the accounts of offenders regarding how they became involved as facilitators, what incentivised/motivated this involvement, and how they rationalised/neutralised their behaviours. Further, an innovative ego-net social network analysis will be used to build an understanding of professional relations. The rationale underlying ego-net analysis is to explore the personal network of an individual (ego), with a focus on their immediate ties to other actors (alters). Interviewed 'offenders' can identify general characteristics of their contacts (what is their role, in which areas do they work), to create profiles of collaborators based on the cohesion or fragmentation of their facilitating network and on the reach of such networks across different domains (criminal, financial, institutional). Police Scotland will play a role in identifying the relevant individuals, as well as other data in the public domain regarding cases which have been concluded by other relevant criminal justice and regulatory bodies, in addition to sharing their learning from cases they have investigated. The interview data will be written up as case studies, informed by illustrative timelines and network maps. It will also be imported into the UCINET (Borgatti et al 2002) and NETDRAW (Borgatti 2002) software for social network analysis.Despite a relative consensus in the literature that professional actors with key skills facilitate organised crime, the motivations of professional actors to participate and the process in which they are identified, recruited and maintained remain under-explored (Lord et al., 2018). Alongside the development of theory, the findings of this research will provide stakeholders in law enforcement authorities with i) a comprehensive understanding of how and why professional actors are incentivised to facilitate organised crime activities, and ii) an evidence base for targeting points of vulnerability in those behaviours/actors/networks. The research will also engage with professional bodies who have a role in shaping the behaviours of key professions vulnerable to facilitation. Workshops will be arranged with relevant enforcement authorities to share findings and a policy 'tool-kit' developed to inform policymakers alongside academic publications.