Mapping autonomic signals and their contributions to emotional and cognitive features of ADHD

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者的情绪反应和情绪调节的重要性越来越受到重视。患有ADHD的青少年改变了对奖励的自主反应，降低了自主反应对变化的情感需求的适应性（Musser等人，2011;货车胡尔斯特等人，2016）。“自下而上”情绪反应和“自上而下”调节的差异可能与ADHD的特定认知特征共分离（Martel等人，2009年）。目前尚不清楚特定的情绪过程和ADHD特征之间的关系是否反映在不同的情绪生理指标中。此外，情绪对注意力和冲动控制有很强的影响，但很少有研究表明自主情绪反应和调节的个体差异如何驱动ADHD的认知特征。最后，ADHD药物哌醋甲酯有效地改善了情绪调节的自我报告措施;然而，它对情绪变化的自主反应的影响在很大程度上未经测试。拟议的项目解决了我们理解中的这三个差距。在研究1中，我将在多个水平（心率，心率变异性，心跳到心跳的血压，心跳诱发电位和主观情感）上研究“自上而下”和“自下而上”情绪的自主签名的个体差异，并测试它们与特定ADHD特质的假设关系。在研究2中，我将研究自主神经反应的改变如何与ADHD特征相互作用，以告知冒险和冲动。最后，研究3将测试哌甲酯对自主神经反应的影响，在不断变化的情绪需求下，使用改编版本的任务，从研究1或一个新的任务。

There is increasing recognition of the importance of emotion reactivity and emotion regulation in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Adolescents with ADHD have altered autonomic responses to rewards and reduced adaptability of autonomic responses to changing emotional demands (Musser et al., 2011; van Hulst et al., 2016). The differences in "bottom-up" emotional reactivity and "top-down" regulation may cosegregate with specific cognitive features of ADHD (Martel et al., 2009). It is unknown whether the relationships between specific emotion processes and ADHD features are reflected in distinct physiological indices of emotion. Moreover, emotion has strong implications for attention and impulse control, however little research has characterised how individual differences in autonomic emotional reactivity and regulation drive the cognitive features of ADHD. Lastly, the ADHD drug methylphenidate effectively improves self-report measures of emotion regulation; however, its effects on autonomic reactivity to changing emotions are largely untested. The proposed project addresses these three gaps in our understanding. In study 1, I will characterise individual differences in autonomic signatures of "top-down" and "bottom-up" emotions at multiple levels (heartrate, heartrate variability, beat-to-beat blood pressure, heartbeat-evoked potentials, and subjective affect) and test their hypothesised relationships with specific ADHD traits. In study 2, I will investigate how altered autonomic reactivity interacts with ADHD traits to inform risk taking and impulsivity. Lastly, study 3 will test the effects of methylphenidate on autonomic responses under changing emotional demands using an adapted version of the task from study 1 or a novel task.