Young women's citizen participation and the mechanisms underlying it: A multilevel latent-class longitudinal framework

到2020年底，在联合国承认的195个国家中，女性只领导了20个国家，仅占全球议会席位的四分之一（联合国，2020年）。大量证据表明，需要更多的女性担任领导角色，因为她们的声音会导致性别敏感的政策改革：妇女免受性别暴力的权利，以及妇女劳动权利的改善（Taylor-Robinson & Heath, 2003； IDEA, 2020）。虽然对影响妇女在政治和社会领域参与的因素进行了广泛的调查（coff<s:1> & Bolzendahl, 2010），但大多数研究都集中在成年人身上（Treviño et al. 2021; Quaranta, 2019）。人们对年轻女性获得政治或经济影响力和领导力的途径知之甚少（Barber & Torney-Purta, 2009）。此外，目前的方法未能考虑到跨文化的可比性，并将政治社会化的理论概念与经验测量联系起来，特别是在学龄人口中。本研究的总体目标是探讨不同文化背景下青年妇女不同形式公民参与的因素和机制。它将使用政治社会化框架，将性别视为一种社会结构，具有取决于文化和政治背景的许多政治后果。为此，它将分别考虑家庭、学校和系统过程，如与家人讨论社会或政治话题、公开课堂讨论和全球民主状态指数。它还将考虑控制变量，如性别、年龄、种族等。因变量将基于Miranda、Castillo和Sandoval-Hernandez（2020）创建的公民参与框架来构建，该框架区分了三个领域：正式参与、活动家参与和社区参与。总体目标分为六个研究问题：文献中描述的妇女公民参与概况（即正式/活动家/社区）能否在跨国样本中区分？RQ2)这些概况在具有不同特征（即全球民主状态）的国家之间和随时间的有效可比性在多大程度上？RQ3)与每个概要相关的家庭因素是什么？RQ4)与每个档案相关的学校因素是什么？RQ5)与每个概要文件相关的系统因素是什么？RQ6)完整模型中假设的因素是否随时间和国家而稳定？关于方法，本项目的主要数据是国际公民和公民教育研究（ICCS 2009-2016-2022）。ICCS从几个国家的八年级学生、教师和校长的全国代表性样本中收集数据（见Schulz等人，2018年）。分析策略主要采用多组潜在剖面分析和多项多层次模型。合作与影响该研究将涉及与国际教育成就评估协会（IEA）的合作，包括先进定量方法的培训。并与印第安纳大学研究性方法论实验室（由Rutkowski博士领导）的成员进行海外访问和合作。该项目的结果将为理解在公民参与中观察到的基于性别的不平等背后的机制提供要素，这一点很重要，因为它们构成了对民主合法性的威胁（Levinson, 2007），并最终对人权构成威胁（UN 2020）。

By the end of 2020, women led only 20 out of the 195 countries recognised by the UN and occupied only a quarter of parliamentary seats globally (UN, 2020). Plenty of evidence indicates that more women in leading roles are needed because their voices result in gender-responsive policy reforms: women's right to be free from gender-based violence, and improvements in women's labour rights (Taylor-Robinson & Heath, 2003; IDEA, 2020). While the factors that influence women's participation across the political and social spheres are extensively investigated (Coffé & Bolzendahl, 2010), most research has focused on adult population (Treviño et al. 2021; Quaranta, 2019). Very little is known about the paths followed by young women to gain political or economic influence and leadership (Barber & Torney-Purta, 2009). Furthermore, current approaches fail to consider cross-cultural comparability and to link theoretical conceptualizations of political socialization to empirical measurement, particularly among school-age populations. The overall objective of this research is to investigate the factors and mechanisms that explain different forms of young women's citizen participation across different cultural contexts and with a longitudinal perspective. It will use a political socialization framework, considering gender as a social construct with many political ramifications that depend on cultural and political contexts. For that, it will consider family, school and system processes, like the discussion of social or political topics with family, open classroom discussion, and Global State of Democracy Indices, respectively. It will also consider control variables, like sex, age, ethnicity, among others. The dependent variable will be constructed based on the citizen participation framework created by Miranda, Castillo, and Sandoval-Hernandez (2020), which distinguishes three domains: formal, activist, and community participation.The overall objective is articulated into six research questions:RQ1) Can the profiles of women's citizen participation described in the literature (i.e., formal/activist/community) be distinguished in a cross-national sample? RQ2) To what extent are these profiles validly comparable across countries with different characteristics (i.e. global state of democracy) and over time?RQ3) What are the family factors associated with each profile?RQ4) What are the school factors associated with each profile?RQ5) What are the system factors associated with each profile? RQ6) Are the factors postulated in the full model stable over time and across countries? Regarding the methodology, the main data for this project is the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2009-2016-2022). ICCS collects data from nationally representative samples of 8th-grade students, their teachers and school principals in several countries (see Schulz, et al., 2018). The analytical strategy will mainly use multigroup latent profile analysis, and multinomial multilevel models.Collaboration and impactThe research will involve collaboration with the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), including training in advanced quantitative methods. And an overseas visit and collaboration with the members of Inquiry Methodology Lab (led by Dr Rutkowski) at the University of Indiana.The results of this project will provide elements to understand the mechanisms underlying observed gender-based inequalities in civic participation, which are important because they constitute a threat to the legitimacy of democracy (Levinson, 2007), and ultimately to human rights (UN 2020).