Selling Space, Controlling Land: A Political Economy of Cartography in Early Modern England

我的项目研究了16和17世纪英国地图贸易以及政治发展，以探索国家和更广泛社会对地图的生产，流通和使用。该研究将使用传统的经验方法（文献证据）和地理空间分析（地图本身），以评估地图对统治阶级对政治空间的看法的影响，以及领土，主权和规模的新兴思想。通过研究“制图知识经济”（我的短语）和当代治国术的新形式之间的相互作用，该项目将做到以下几点：有助于对现代领土政治起源的新理解;为当今关于治理规模的辩论提供信息（例如，英国的权力下放，欧盟的辅助性）;并开发新的概念见解信息交换和领土政策。在解决制图经济学和治国之道的政治之间的关系，我的项目还借鉴了早期现代政治理论和实践的奖学金。传统的观点是中央政府想要一个中央集权的民族国家（威尔逊，2006）;我对统治者如何利用制图市场追求中央集权的分析将揭示这种解释是否仍然成立。我将使用Winichakul的地理体概念（1994）来研究地图在两个世纪中的作用，这些地图可能比其他任何地图都更能定义现代英国的民族身份，以及国家权力的形式和范围。除其他问题外，我将研究如何商品化的早期现代英语地图创造了国家身份，通过建设的差异，并通过扩展，我将考虑在现代领土政治中仇外心理在多大程度上支持民族主义（Bhambra 2017）。我提出了“制图知识经济”的概念，提供一个框架，使地图贸易可以与在此基础上，作者利用知识社会学（Powell and Snellman 2004）和信息经济学（Stigler 1961）的研究成果，对英国空间和领土的规范性论述（在所有尺度上，以及与其他领土的关系）进行了研究。它拥有罗伯特·莫登、约翰·斯皮德和爱德华·赖特绘制的许多地图，以及与这些地图制作有关的记录。正如我在建议中指出的那样，这些资料（只有手稿）对于理解英国统治阶级如何看待他们在国内外的政治空间是不可或缺的。如果不使用这些资源，我的项目将无法全面重建16和17世纪英国伪官方国家制图的性质，这是我研究的一个基本方面。美国国会图书馆还保存着非英语制图师的地图（例如，在福尔杰莎士比亚图书馆（Folger Shakespeare Library）的手稿对于深入了解16和17世纪的政治和经济格局同样重要。例如，Newdigate的时事通讯和Clayton-Morris的收藏，将改变我对（特别是）17世纪政治、商业和社会事务的理解，所有这些都是我论文的组成部分。

My project examines the English map trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries alongside political developments to explore the production, circulation, and use of maps by the state and wider society. The research will use both traditional, empirical methods (documentary evidence) and geospatial analysis (on the maps themselves), to assess maps' impact on perceptions among the ruling classes regarding political space, and emergent ideas of territory, sovereignty, and scale. By examining the interaction between the 'cartographic knowledge economy' (my phrase) and new forms of contemporary statecraft, the project will do the following: contribute to new understandings of the origins of modern territorial politics; inform present-day debates concerning scale in governance (e.g., devolution in the UK, subsidiarity in the EU); and develop new conceptual insights into information exchange and territorial policy.In addressing the relationship between the economics of cartography and the politics of statecraft, my project also draws on scholarship on early modern political theory and practice. The traditional perspective is that central governments desired a centralised nation state (Wilson 2006); my analysis of how rulers used the cartographic markets in their pursuit of centralisation will expose whether this interpretation still holds. I shall employ Winichakul's geo-body concept (1994) to examine the role of maps through two centuries that perhaps defined modern English national identity more than any others, as well as the form and scope of state authority. Among other issues, I shall examine how the commodification of early modern English maps created national identity through the construction of difference, and, by extension, I shall consider the extent to which xenophobia underpins nationalism in modern territorial politics (Bhambra 2017).I have developed the concept of a 'cartographic knowledge economy' to provide a framework within which the trade of maps can be linked to the formation of normative discourses of English space and territory (at all scales and in relation to other territories), drawing on scholarship on the sociology of knowledge (Powell and Snellman 2004) and the economics of information (Stigler 1961).Archival research at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC is crucial for the successful completion of my project. It holds a number of maps constructed by Robert Morden, John Speed, and Edward Wright, as well as records pertaining to the production of these same maps. These sources (only available in manuscript) are, as noted in my proposal, indispensable for understanding how the English ruling classes perceived their political space, both at home and abroad. Without using these resources, my project would not be able to comprehensively reconstruct the nature of England's pseudo-official state cartography during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a fundamental aspect of my research. The Library of Congress further holds maps by non-English cartographers (e.g., Blaeu), which will allow for comparison work to be carried out, another component of my proposed project.The manuscripts available at the Folger Shakespeare Library are similarly important for providing an insight into the political and economic landscape of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Newdigate newsletters and the Clayton-Morris collection, for example, would transform my understanding of (in particular) seventeenth-century politics, commerce, and social affairs, all of which are integral to my thesis.