The Rising Tide or Inequality at Work? Gender and ethnicity in social mobility

我的研究旨在分析和解释社会流动性的变化，在英国劳动力市场的性别和种族的前景，并与德国比较。我的目标是澄清随着时间的推移，不同背景和社会经济特征对群体内部不平等的潜在惩罚和收益。与德国的比较旨在分析两个国家不同的制度制度和市场驱动政策的强度，如在教育和劳工法规方面。此外，我希望创造出社会学和经济学理论与测量相结合的研究。我提出的研究使用了最近的纵向数据，并结合了多学科的社会流动性措施；因此，我将使用先进的定量方法，包括纵向数据分析的回归方法。这些方法旨在针对特定子群体的不同过渡呈现流动性和搅动性。此外，我希望了解哪些群体更有可能受到不同时期和不同国家的不同流动模式的影响。这项研究的意义与关于男性、女性和不同种族的流动性如何随着时间的推移而变化的辩论有关，涉及到最近不同数据来源的不平等配置的变化。此外，它还将一个注重市场配置的国家与一个基于包容性非市场协调的国家进行了比较，后者可能对流动性产生不同的影响。它打算为社会政策议程提供关于流动性的深入资料。一些作者认为机会不是真正平等的，并质疑精英管理的概念。富裕的父母知道如何将优势传递给下一代，因此，我们生活在一个非常不完美的精英社会中，这是对共同利益的腐蚀。此外，有说服力的证据支持这样的假设：不平等通过囤积机会再现了社会流动性限制，而国家内部的流动性机制是微妙的。社会关系、劳动力市场和体制因素也可能影响个人在社会上流动或流动的程度。此外，斯蒂格利茨指出，不平等加剧也会加剧不稳定。最后，流行病和衰退可能以不同的强度影响特定群体。本研究项目面临两个学术挑战。首先，很多关于社会流动性的研究都集中在男性的经历上。这是由于妇女“最近”进入劳动力市场，她们的伴侣在社会中的地位代表了她们的社会和经济地位。但是，在经济方面取得了进步，妇女参与劳动力市场方面也取得了巨大进步。最近的文献和更多的可用数据都强调了女性的流动性，并提醒我们它为理解社会流动性提供了更多的见解3-6。关于国家内部和国家之间的横向不平等如何随着时间的推移而显现，特别是关于种族等定义和分类的差异，在经验知识方面也存在显著差距。此外，这种经验知识需要为政策提供信息，以改善劳动力市场监管和支出，并在学术上将有助于社会政策研究的经济学和社会学理论联系起来

My research aims to analyse and explain social mobility changes, with a foreground on gender and ethnicity within the UK's labour market and comparatively with Germany. My objective is to clarify the potential penalties and gains different background and socio-economic characteristics have within-group inequality over-time. The comparison with Germany aims to present an analysis of two countries with different institutional regimes and intensity of market-driven policy, as in education and labour regulations. Moreover, I hope to create research that integrates sociology and economics theory and measurement. My proposed research uses recent longitudinal data and combines multidisciplinary social mobility measures; thus, I will be using advanced quantitative methods that include regression methods for longitudinaldata analysis. These methods intend to present mobility and churning regarding different transitions for specific subgroups. Furthermore, I hope to understand which groups have higher probabilities of being affected by different mobility patternsover different periods and countriesThis study's significance relates to the debate of how the mobility of men, women and different ethnicities has changed over time, concerning the shifting configuration of inequalities with recent different data sources. Moreover, it compares a country that has focused on market allocation to one based on inclusive non-market coordination,which may have diverse effects on mobility. It intends toprovide in-depth information for mobility for the social policy agenda.Someauthors suggest that chances are not genuinely equal and question the concept of meritocracy.Affluent parents figure out how to pass on advantages, and, thus, we live in highly imperfect meritocratic societies that are corrosive of the common good1. Moreover, persuasive evidence supports the hypothesis that inequality reproduces social mobility restrictionsby hoarding opportunities and that the mechanisms on mobility within countries are nuanced. Social relations, the labour market and institutional factors may also affect how socially mobile or fluid individuals may be. Additionally, Stiglitz 1noted that with rising inequality comes rising instability. Finally, pandemics and recessions may affect specific groups in different intensities.Two academic challenges are faced through this research project. First, much of the research on social mobility has focused on men's experience 2. This is due to the 'recent'entry of women into the labour market and that their partner's position in society represented their social and economic standing. However, there has been economic progress and great strides in women's participation in the labour market. Recent literatureand more data availability have emphasised women's mobility and reminded us that it provides more insight into understanding social mobility 3-6. Thereare also notable gaps in empirical knowledge about how horizontal inequalities manifest within and across countries over time, specifically regarding differences in definitions and classifications like ethnicity 7. Moreover, this empirical knowledge is needed to inform policyto improve labour market regulation and expenditureand, academically, to connect economic and sociological theory that contributes to social policy research