Pedestrian crossings: urban movement in early nineteenth-century periodicals

查尔斯·波德莱尔指出，浮想家能够“看到世界，身处世界的中心，但又不会对世界隐藏起来”(1986：9)。在他对波德莱尔19世纪中期巴黎诗歌的讨论中，沃尔特·本雅明断言，弗洛内尔在拱廊上“悠闲地走着”(2006 a：85)，没有受到人群的伤害。本杰明对流浪者的分析将这种徘徊的城市运动引向了关键的焦点。我的论文通过论证19世纪早期城市的不同运动模式，并展示了文学中代表城市运动的政治、社会和关键利害关系来批评弗洛内里。弗洛内里仍然受到批评，正如劳伦·埃尔金的《弗洛内斯：巴黎、纽约、东京、威尼斯和伦敦的女性行走》(2016)和马修·博蒙特的《行者：关于迷失和发现自己在现代城市》(2020)中所证明的那样。这两位批评者都对该术语的含义进行了延伸和施压。我打算用不同的方式来削弱弗洛内尔：通过展示拥挤如何经常污染和阻止公共场合的碰撞和社区运动。从1800年到1840年，伦敦变得更加拥挤，这反映在人们渴望设计一个词汇，在定期散文和连载小说中捕捉新的城市经历。我的研究跨越了文学杂志的兴起，从《审查者》的《圆桌》杂文(1815-17年)到查尔斯·狄更斯的《波兹的素描》(1833年-1866年)。它为这个研究不足的语料库提供了适当的文学处理，正是这些作品使狄更斯成为可能。但这一时期的期刊文学不仅仅是预备性的。它是一个时髦的、开创性的都市文章的储存库。我与一系列期刊合作，如《伦敦杂志》、《月刊》和《审查者》。我研究的作家包括托马斯·胡德、B·W·普罗克特、T·G·温纽特、卡罗琳·鲍尔斯、玛丽·拉塞尔·米特福德、皮尔斯·伊根、威廉·霍恩、威廉·哈兹利特、托马斯·德·昆西和查尔斯·兰姆。我主要使用大英图书馆收藏的大量十九世纪早期的报纸和手稿来获取这些资源。在这个丰富的历史背景下，我的作品问道：在一个前所未有的拥挤时期，这些作家是如何构思在不同的城市空间中穿梭的？他们的理解有什么不同？不同的空间如何促进独特的行为和运动类型？期刊如何成为表达城市经验的合适媒介？在《美丽的集会》等优秀女性杂志中记录的女性体验与传统的男性城市导航体验有哪些不同和相似之处？为了回答这些问题，我考虑了不同类型的城市空间，如街道、剧院和画廊、运动空间、住宅和期刊本身。我还探讨了城市中社区和竞争之间的紧张关系，并考虑了不同的空间如何创造运动，既巩固了伦敦人的融合身份，又增强了个性，通常是通过与其他人区分或冲突的方式。在二十世纪末的批评中，城市运动在多大程度上被夸大了。最近，达特和埃斯特哈默以有趣的方式重新考虑了期刊，注意到了社会接触。在这种势头的基础上，我用一口流利的德语重新阅读了沃尔特·本雅明的《拱廊》材料，超越了他著名的花花公子形象，转而考虑了无法保持独立于城市刺激和居民的‘行人’。我的研究对19世纪早期的伦敦进行了重新想象，拆除了过度使用的弗莱纳里建筑框架，转而考察了社交场合和人行横道。我打算恢复定期写作的重要性，并重新评估它们所描述的城市经历的含义。

Charles Baudelaire states flâneurs are able 'to see the world, to be at the center of the world, yet to remain hidden from the world' (1986:9). In his discussion of Baudelaire's poetry from mid-nineteenth-century Paris, Walter Benjamin asserts the flâneur 'goes his leisurely way' (2006a:85) along the arcades, unscathed by the crowd. Benjamin's analysis of the flâneur has drawn this sauntering urban movement into critical focus. My thesis critiques flânerie by arguing for different models of movement in the early nineteenth-century city and showing the political, social, and critical stakes of the representation of urban movements in literature.The flâneur still receives critical attention, as evident in Lauren Elkin's Flâneuse: Women walk the city in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London (2016) and Matthew Beaumont's The Walker: On Losing and Finding Yourself in the Modern City (2020). Both these critics extend and put pressuire on the meaning of the term. I intend to undermine the flâneur differently: by showing how crowdedness often taints and prevents flânerie as a result of colliding and communal movements in public.Between 1800 and 1840, London becomes more crowded, which is reflected in the desire to devise a vocabulary that captures new urban experiences in periodical essays and serial fiction. My research spans the rise of literary magazines from The Examiner's 'The Round Table' essays (1815-7) to Charles Dickens' 'Sketches by Boz' (1833-6). It provides proper literary treatment of this under-researched corpus, the body of work that made Dickens possible. But the periodical literature of this period is more than preparatory. It is a repository of stylish, ground-breaking urban writing.I work with a range of periodicals, such The London Magazine, The Monthly Magazine, and The Examiner. The writers I study include Thomas Hood, B. W. Procter, T.G. Wainewright, Caroline Bowles, Mary Russell Mitford, Pierce Egan, William Hone, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey, and Charles Lamb. I primarily use the British Library's extensive collection of early nineteenth-century newspapers and manuscripts to access these resources. In the context of this rich history my work asks: how do these writers conceive of moving through different city spaces at a time of unprecedented crowdedness? How do their understandings differ? How do different spaces facilitate unique behaviour and types of movement? How is the periodical an appropriate medium for expressing urban experience? In what ways are women's experiences, documented in fabulous women's magazines like La Belle Assemblee, different and similar to traditional male experiences of navigating the city? To answer these questions, I think about different types of urban spaces, such as streets, theatres and galleries, sporting spaces, homes, and periodicals themselves. I also explore the tension between communality and competition in the city and consider how different spaces create movements that both consolidate the merged identity of 'Londoners' and enhance individuality, often by way of distinction from or collision with others. The extent to which flânerie characterises urban movement has been overstated in late twentieth-century criticism. Recently, Dart and Esterhammer have reconsidered periodicals in interesting ways, noting social encounters. Building on this momentum, I use my fluent German to reread Walter Benjamin's Arcades material afresh, moving beyond his famous figure of the flâneur and considering instead the 'pedestrian', who is unable to retain independence from city stimulations and inhabitants. My research reimagines early nineteenth-century London by dismantling the overused framework of flânerie and instead examining social encounters and pedestrian crossings. I intend to recover the importance of periodical writing and re-evaluate what the implications of the urban experiences they describe are.