Gender, Nationhood, and Transnational Networks: Anti-Suffrage within the British Empire, 1880-1914

这个博士项目将采取跨国的方法来探讨如何反选举权的想法是在英国，“白色多米尼克”，印度和南非传播和解释。通过将种族、民族和性别等级与跨国沟通渠道相结合，本研究将提出三个主要问题：1）为什么帝国各地的妇女不希望获得选举权？2)为什么这些妇女不希望帝国其他妇女获得选举权？3)关于19世纪末和世纪初的地方、国家和帝国治理的概念，反选举权能告诉我们什么？ 作为第一个研究妇女的跨国反选举权网络和整个大英帝国的activisms，该项目旨在显示妇女的反选举权是如何由帝国大都市以外的背景塑造的全球运动。该项目旨在展示帝国各地的反选举权联盟如何利用女性投票的概念来阐明围绕种族、国籍、公民身份和发展的复杂政治争论。这不仅将阐明当代选举权辩论的轮廓，也将阐明当代帝国政治的细微差别。因此，妇女及其选举权问题将被证明是这一时期帝国治理思想的核心。 尽管在爱尔兰、新西兰、澳大利亚、加拿大、印度和南非都有反选举权的运动，但目前还没有关于大英帝国内部反选举权的史学考虑。这是帝国历史和女性历史中的一个重大差距。 反选举权在很大程度上被认为是妇女解放运动的一个脚注。这种对赞成选举权的立场的关注导致了对这一时期大英帝国内女性活动的全面认识的缺乏。因此，这个项目提供了机会，发现替代女性网络，同时也细微差别的“保守”的想法，存在的妇女，就像他们的亲选举权的同行，超越了家庭领域。 将反选举权视为其自身运动的考虑有限。最重要的是，朱莉娅·布什和马蒂娜·法劳特分别认为，反选举权是一种“支持妇女”的论点，代表了“英国女权主义的不同面貌之一”。虽然这些论点加深了对英国反妇女参政主义某些方面的理解，但它并没有说明帝国主义对这场运动的影响程度。通过展示反选举权如何在整个帝国看起来不一样，这个项目将挑战现有的以盎格鲁为中心的学术，以阐明帝国大都市之外存在的多样化和复杂的运动。 该项目将依靠一系列档案和数字资源，探索整个大英帝国的反选举权个人和组织。通过平衡广泛提出的反选举权论点与该运动在个人层面上对妇女意味着什么的细微差别，这种方法将挑战反选举权作为一种同质反运动的流行观点。已出版的作品和记录的反选举权的妇女，如伊迪丝Colquhon，泽西夫人，诺拉泰南奥马霍尼，莫德伯纳德和其他人将被用来检查跨国之间的遭遇反选举权的个人在整个帝国，以及他们对彼此的影响。对著名的反选举权帝国主义者克罗默勋爵和寇松勋爵的记录的探索也将试图表明反选举权的立场是如何嵌入帝国决策的。 妇女全国反选举权联盟和全国反对妇女选举权联盟的记录将揭示帝国言论如何影响反选举权意识形态，并阐明与爱尔兰、新西兰、澳大利亚、加拿大、印度和南非的反选举权联盟的联系。

This doctoral project will take a transnational approach to explore how anti-suffrage ideas were spread and interpreted across the United Kingdom, the 'white Dominions', India and South Africa. Through fusing considerations of racial, national, and gendered hierarchies with transnational communication channels, the study will ask three main questions: 1) Why did women across the Empire not want enfranchisement? 2) Why did these women not want other women across the Empire to be enfranchised? 3) What can anti-suffrage tell us about notions of local, national and imperial governance in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century? As the first study of women's transnational anti-suffrage networks and activisms across the British Empire, this project aims to show how women's anti-suffrage was a global movement shaped by contexts beyond the imperial metropole. The project aims to show how notions of the female vote were used by anti-suffrage leagues across the Empire to articulate complex political arguments around race, nationality, citizenship, and development. This will illuminate not only contours of contemporary suffrage debates, but the nuances of contemporary imperial politics. As a result, women, and the issue of their enfranchisement, will be shown to have sat firmly at the centre of ideas of imperial governance in this period. There is currently no historiographical consideration of anti-suffrage within the British Empire, despite movements across Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, India, and South Africa. This represents a significant gap within both imperial and women's history. Anti-suffrage has largely been considered as little more than a footnote to the campaign for women's enfranchisement. This focus on pro-suffrage positions has led to a lack of recognition of the full spectrum of female activism within the British Empire in this period. This project thus provides opportunities to uncover alternative female networks, while also nuancing 'conservative' ideas of womanhood that existed, just as much as their pro-suffrage counterparts, beyond the domestic sphere. Consideration of anti-suffrage as its own movement has been limited. Most significantly, Julia Bush and Martine Faraut have respectively argued that anti-suffrage was a 'pro-woman' argument that represented 'one of the different faces of British feminism'. Although these arguments have deepened understanding of some aspects of English anti-suffragism, it does not account for the degree to which the movement was shaped by imperialism. Through showing how anti-suffrage did not look the same across the Empire, this project will challenge existing Anglo-centric scholarship to illuminate diverse and complex movements that existed beyond the imperial metropole. This project will rely upon a range of archival and digital sources to explore anti-suffrage individuals and organisations across the British Empire. Through balancing the way in which anti-suffrage arguments were broadly made with the nuance of what the movement meant to women on an individual level, this approach will challenge the prevailing view of anti-suffrage as a homogenous counter-movement. The published works and records of anti-suffrage women such as Edith Colquhon, Lady Jersey, Nora Tynan O'Mahony, Maud Bernard and others will be used to examine transnational encounters between anti-suffrage individuals throughout the Empire, and the influence that they had on each other. Exploration of the records of prominent anti-suffrage imperialists Lord Cromer and Lord Curzon will also seek to show how anti-suffrage stances were embedded within imperial policy-making. Records of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League and National League for Opposing Women's Suffrage will reveal how imperial rhetoric influenced anti-suffrage ideology, and illuminate links with anti-suffrage leagues in Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, India, and South Africa.