Tradition in Early Modernity: romanticism, nationhood and the invention of the 'English' house, 1780 - 1840

早期现代性的传统将考察18世纪末和19世纪初传统的英国家庭建筑的发明，作为对早期现代性的对比和避难。该项目旨在建立浪漫主义和风景如画的理论对建筑环境的影响，英国(不包括苏格兰、爱尔兰、威尔士)家庭建筑的频谱，包括匿名和日常建筑。该项目将梳理促成传统英式住宅发明的理论、形式和文化脉络，并将寻求评估其对英式建筑环境的影响。在19世纪泛欧洲国家历史主义、工艺美术运动和20世纪两次世界大战之间的模拟都铎之前，英国住宅设计中的传统主义最早出现在民族浪漫主义和乡村风景画的建筑理论和设计实践中：“国家作为现代性中具有文化意义的系统而形成的一种表现”(Bhabha，1990)。这些知识分子运动回应了启蒙运动的普遍主义进步理性主义，以及农业和工业革命、农村逃亡和城市发展带来的社会和环境变化，通过一种新的文化崇敬，将名义上的农村过去作为一个国家认同的地方。在建筑设计中，这种浪漫的民族观念通过对传统乡村建筑的形式、材料和构造细节的再现来表现。这幅风景画颂扬了乡土建筑的不规则性和多样性，并在农村贫困和物质腐烂的场景中获得了一种不道德的审美乐趣(Macarthur，1997)。原始浪漫主义的英国关于风景如画的理论，比如乌德维尔·普莱斯关于风景画的文章，试图强调地方的特定美学，包括当地的建筑传统，而不是普遍的、欧洲的品味标准。英国民族浪漫主义进一步强调了地方在文化认同形成中的重要性，并将乡村民间传统，包括小屋、磨坊和农舍，视为灵感的来源和救赎的地方(Curran，2007；Porter and Teich，1988)。现代性和传统被融合在一套复杂的相互关系中，其特点是模糊性和流动性，而传统随后在后浪漫主义现代性中保持了存在；阿南达·罗伊将其描述为“历史对现代性的腐朽影响”(Roy，2000)。更好地理解传统不是从对立的角度，而是作为现代性中的一个创造性、适应性和反思性的过程(Asquith和Vellinga，2006；Bronner，2006)。早期现代性中的传统是一个原创性的跨学科研究项目，它将利用文学研究、文化理论、白话(民间)研究以及建筑和设计史；交叉参考当代关于传统、身份和场所的批评著作，并在以田野调查为基础的历史研究中引用18/19世纪的主要资料。研究将分为对大英图书馆的论文和图样书籍的档案研究和对现存房屋的实地研究(特别是参考西南部地区，那里在这一时期有广泛的庄园和早期的郊区别墅建筑活动；并与早期北方工业城市的郊区别墅进行比较)。虽然包括了相关建筑师的作品，但这是一项关于英国家庭建筑发明的研究，而不是传统的规范研究。该项目将把目前对十八世纪(设计史，2009)和二十世纪(TDSR和JAE，2009)的研究联系起来，并使更广泛的项目：现代性中的传统，1700-2000年取得成果。

Tradition in Early Modernity will examine the invention of traditional 'English' domestic architecture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as a counterpoint to, and refuge from, early modernity. The project aims to establish the impact of romanticism and picturesque theory across the built environment, the spectrum of English (excluding Scotland, Ireland, Wales) domestic architecture including the anonymous and everyday. The project will tease out the theoretical, formal and cultural threads that precipitated the invention of the traditional 'English' house and will seek to assess its impact upon the English built environment. Prior to nineteenth century pan-European national historicism, the Arts and Crafts Movement and twentieth-century inter-war Mock-Tudor, traditionalism in British housing design first emerged out of the architectural theory and design practice of national romanticism and the rural picturesque: 'a manifestation of the nation's coming to being as a system of cultural significance within modernity' (Bhabha, 1990). These intellectual movements responded to the Enlightenment's universalist progressive rationalism and the social and environmental changes of the agricultural and industrial revolutions, rural flight and urban growth, through a new cultural reverence for a notional rural past as a place of national identity. In architectural design, this romantic conception of nationhood was (is) represented through the reproduction of the forms, materials and construction details of traditional rural buildings. The picturesque celebrated the irregularity and variety of vernacular buildings and took an amoral aesthetic pleasure in scenes of rural poverty and material decay (Macarthur, 1997). Proto-romantic English theories of the picturesque such as Udevale Price's Essay on the Picturesque sought to emphasise the specific aesthetics of place, including local building traditions, over universal, European, standards of taste. British National Romanticism further emphasised the significance of place in the formation of cultural identity and looked to rural folk traditions, including cottages, mills and farmhouses, as a source of inspiration and place of salvation (Curran, 2007; Porter and Teich, 1988). Modernity and tradition were fused in a set of complex interrelationships characterized by ambiguity and fluidity and tradition has subsequently maintained a presence within post-romantic modernity; what Ananda Roy has described as the 'corrupting impact of history upon modernity' (Roy, 2000). Tradition can be better understood not in terms of opposition but as a creative, adaptive and reflective process within modernity (Asquith and Vellinga, 2006; Bronner, 2006). Tradition in Early Modernity is an original interdisciplinary research project that will draw upon literary studies, cultural theory, vernacular (folk) studies, and architectural and design history; cross-referencing contemporary critical writings on tradition, identity and place with eighteenth/nineteenth century primary sources within a fieldwork-based historical study. Research will be divided between the archival study of treatises and pattern books at the British Library and field studies of extant houses (with particular reference to the South West which saw extensive estate and early suburban villa building activity in this period; to be compared with suburban villas of early industrial northern cities). While including the works of relevant architects it is a study of the invention of an 'English' domestic architecture not a conventional canonical study. The project will link current research on the eighteenth (Design History, 2009) and twentieth centuries (TDSR and JAE, 2009) and bring to fruition the wider project: Tradition in Modernity, 1700 - 2000.