Disrupting the Hierarchies of Humanitarianism: Refugee Solidarity in France from 1970 to present.

2020年，对外发展倡议的年度会议“人道主义重置：历史性一年的影响”讨论了援助的分散化和地方行为者在新的人道主义框架中的作用。然而，尽管许多学者和实践者主张将“复原力”或“自力更生”作为解决流离失所问题的办法，但也有人强调团结和相互伙伴关系的重要性。受到这些辩论的启发，我将考察1970年以来法国基层组织和难民之间的关系，重点是难民主导的倡议，这些倡议是由非国家和难民合作塑造的。人道主义的历史主要是由其家长式的性质和所谓的捐赠者和受益者之间根深蒂固的等级制度所决定的。我将调查难民和草根组织之间合作关系的历史先例，以问：是否有可能更平等主义和民主形式的人道主义？这种合作在历史上是如何运作的，取得了多大的成功？追溯20世纪70年代以来的这些关系，并采用“自下而上”的方法，为最近难民主导的倡议的蓬勃发展提供了一个有趣的洞察力。然而，这种伙伴关系有可能仅仅是一种象征性的行为吗？或者，难民和援助部门之间的有意义的参与不仅是可能的，而且实际上是可以通过历史工作来探索的？这项研究不是“重新思考”人道主义等级，而是参考过去的替代方案和案例研究。我接触了大量关于难民的声音和机构的文献，从Liisa Malkki呼吁不要把难民变成无言的使者开始，我将采用一种长期的方法，研究20世纪70年代法国地方层面接收智利和越南难民的情况。我的研究将包括格勒诺布尔的团结游行和委员会，南美难民和当地行动者在维伦纽夫共同经营的收容中心，以及当今法国各地流离失所社区和非国家组织之间的合作。从加莱丛林的难民制作的Jungala电台，到利用社交媒体作为第一手证词平台的活动人士，我调查了这些现在和过去的倡议是否是由于法国政府和现有人道主义机构的反应不作为和差距而产生的，以及这些合作项目是如何演变、倍增和回应日益敌对的庇护政策和团结的刑事化的。我相信，这项研究将有助于证明，联合国难民事务高级专员公署等全球组织可以从历史上从难民与非政府组织的伙伴关系中学到什么，以及扰乱人道主义援助的等级性质如何可能改变援助关系的未来。

In 2020 the ODI's annual conference 'A humanitarian reset: impacts of a historic year' debated the decentralisation of aid and the role of local actors within a new humanitarian framework. Yet while many scholars and practitioners advocate 'resilience' or 'self-reliance' as a solution to displacement, others have emphasised the importance of solidarity and mutual partnerships. Informed by these debates, I will examine the relationship between grassroots organisations and refugees in France since 1970 by focusing on refugee led initiatives that have been shaped by non-state - refugee collaboration. Histories of humanitarianism are predominately informed by their paternalistic nature and entrenched hierarchies between so-called donors and beneficiaries. I will investigate the historical precedents of collaborative relationships between refugees and grassroots organisations to ask: are more egalitarian and democratic forms of humanitarianism possible? How have such collaborations functioned historically and with what degree of success? Tracing these relationships from the 1970s and adopting a 'bottom-up' approach offers an intriguing insight into the recent flourishing of refugee-led initiatives. Yet do such partnerships risk being a mere act of tokenism? Or is meaningful participation between refugees and the aid sector not only possible but has, in fact, a track record that can be explored through historical work?This research proposes less to 'rethink' humanitarian hierarchies but rather to consult past alternatives and case studies. Engaging with the vast literature on refugee voice and agency, I begin from Liisa Malkki's call to resist rendering refugees into speechless emissaries, and, adopting a longue durée approach, I will examine the reception of Chilean and Vietnamese refugees at a local level in France during the 1970s. My study will encompass solidarity marches and committees in Grenoble, accommodation centres in Villeneuve run jointly by South American refugees and local actors, and present day collaborations between displaced communities and non-state organisations across France. From Jungala Radio produced by refugees in the Calais 'Jungle', to activists using social media as a platform for first-hand testimonies, I examine whether these present and past initiatives have developed as a result of the inaction and gaps in the responses of the French state and established humanitarian agencies, and how these collaborative projects have evolved, multiplied and responded to increasingly hostile asylum policies and the criminalisation of solidarity.I am confident that this study will help demonstrate what global organisations such as the UNHCR can learn from refugee-NGO partnerships through history, and how disrupting the hierarchical nature of humanitarian assistance may alter the future of aid relationships.