Amnesty, Archives, Activism: Photojournalism and the Development of Human Rights Media Campaigns in Britain Since 1960s

直到最近，对人权倡导历史的调查仍然是相对较新的(Moyn 2014，p：1)。然而，历史学家在20世纪40年代和70年代以后开始进行研究，当时国际人权理想变得突出(同上)。大赦国际被认为是引入了一种基于政治信息的新的激进主义，并制定了有效的施压技术。在很短的时间内，大赦国际聚集了大量聚集在当地地区的成员。“大赦国际展示的政治道德吸引了大量的追随者。虽然这种政治道德植根于社会运动的经历，但这种政治道德对许多活动家具有如此强烈的吸引力，因为它与他们建立一种新的、后革命形式的公民活动主义的愿望产生了共鸣。谁是大赦国际背后的大脑？1961年5月28日周日，大赦国际的创始人彼得·本南森在《观察家报》的周末评论中发表了一篇整版文章，题为《被遗忘的囚犯》。这是“1961年特赦呼吁”的标志和正式启动。这篇文章在世界范围内广为流传，唤醒了公众的力量。志同道合的地方团体开始聚集起来，为“良心犯”而战。1962年9月，在比利时举行了一次国际会议，通过了大赦国际。该组织被称为规模最大、最成功的“战后志愿活动组织”之一(布坎南，2002年，页：577)。该提案旨在考察大赦国际运动在20世纪60年代英国反殖民主义时代所起的作用。在图片大多是黑白的情况下，探索使用摄影新闻来放大其宣传活动。进一步探讨这些运动的框架如何影响当今的人道主义传播和营销。

Until recently, the inquiry into the history of human rights advocacy is still relatively new (Moyn 2014, p:1). However, historians had begun investigating beyond the 1940s and 1970s when international human rights ideals gained prominence (ibid). Amnesty was credited for introducing a new kind of activism based on political information and crafting effective pressure techniques. In a short period of time, Amnesty amassed a large number of members assembling in local districts. 'The political morality Amnesty displayed attracted huge numbers of followers. While rooted in social movements experiences, this political morality appealed so strongly to many activists because it resonated with their desire to forge a new, postrevolutionary form of civil activism' (Eckel 2013, p:192).Who is the brain behind of Amnesty International?Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty International on Sunday, 28 May 1961, published a full-page article on Observer's weekend review titled: 'The Forgotten Prisoners'. This was the marking and formal launch of the 'Appeal for Amnesty, 1961'. The article circulated so much worldwide that it awakened the power of the public. Local groups with the same interests for fighting for "prisoners of conscience" began gathering. In September 1962, an international conference was held in Belgium, and Amnesty International was adopted. This was dubbed the of the largest and most successful "voluntary campaigning organisations of the post-war" (Buchanan 2002, p:577).This proposal seeks to examine Amnesty International Campaigns' role during the British anti-colonialization era in the 1960s. Probing the use of photojournalism in amplifying its campaign when images were mostly black and white. Further exploring how the framing of these campaigns has influenced today's contemporary humanitarian communicationand marketing.