Reconstruction of the response of the biodiversity/migration of Western European vegetation to climate change (CC) from the Oligocene and Mid-Miocene

渐新世-中中新世气候适宜期（33.9 ~ 15.0 ma）。研究问题：1；在渐新世-中新世气候转变期间，不列颠群岛出现了哪些陆生生物群？a.哪些物种对气候变化最敏感？b.渐新世末- MMCO -中新世末，孢子形态分布和频率发生了怎样的变化？2. 是否有证据表明北大西洋温盐环流在渐新世-中新世期间开始或加强？a.北方生物群落在渐新世末期是否向赤道迁移？b.冻土带环境是否在渐新世末期扩张？3. 这些新生代森林中的碳和氮循环是怎样的？a.碳和氮浓度结果是否表明渐新世-中新世不列颠群岛气候变暖？b.钻孔之间的碳和氮浓度是否可以同步？研究目标：1；使用光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）为岩心中发现的每个单独的孢子形态和硅藻物种创建参考指南。a.为每个钻孔绘制地层图，详细描述孢子形态、硅藻和地球化学分布。2. 从不列颠群岛碳和氮浓度的变化推断北大西洋涛动的变化。a.推断在渐新世末期，冻原/先锋物种的数量是否在所有钻孔中都有所增加，反之亦然。3. 西欧碳/氮浓度的模式变化。a.确保模型重现西欧气候特征。b.确保模型为不列颠群岛产生有效的难民指纹，可以外推并应用于西欧植被迁移。

Oligocene and Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) (33.9-15.0Ma). Research Questions: 1. Which species of terrestrial biota were present in the British Isles throughout the Oligocene-Miocene climatic transition? a. Which species show the most sensitivity to climate changes? b. How does sporomorph distribution and frequency change from the end of the Oligocene to the MMCO to the end of the Miocene? 2. Is there evidence for the onset or intensification of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation throughout the Oligocene-Miocene? a. Do boreal biomes migrate towards the equator towards the end of the Oligocene? b. Do tundra environments expand towards to end of the Oligocene? 3. What were the carbon and nitrogen cycles like in these Cenozoic forests? a. Do carbon and nitrogen concentration results indicate warmer climates in the British Isles from the Oligocene-Miocene? b. Can carbon and nitrogen concentrations be synchronised between boreholes? Research Objectives: 1. Create a reference guide for each individual sporomorph and diatom species found in the core, using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). a. Create stratigraphic plots for each borehole detailing sporomorph, diatom and geochemical distributions. 2. Infer changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation from changes in carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the British Isles. a. Infer whether tundra/ pioneer-species quantities increase across all boreholes towards the end of the Oligocene and vice versa. 3. Model changes in carbon/nitrogen concentrations for Western Europe. a. Ensure models reproduce Western-European climatic characteristics. b. Ensure models produce a valid refugia fingerprint for the British Isles which can be extrapolated and applied to Western Europe vegetation migration.