Lost in Silence: Children's Geographies and Material Memories of the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

1971年的孟加拉解放战争为受这一灾难性事件影响和流离失所的人创造了新的身份。尽管它具有重要的记忆力，但对战争期间孟加拉国和印度儿童日常生活空间的个人记忆仍然很少。这个博士项目将探索学校的时空和物质方面如何调和对孟加拉国解放战争的记忆。这项研究将探索儿童在学校环境中的战争记忆与自那时以来在受冲突影响的学校的物质层面上形成的、至今仍可见的战争记忆之间的相互作用。这项研究借鉴了儿童地理学和记忆研究的跨学科框架，重点关注儿童的日常生活(Silova等人，2018)、儿童的战争经历(Wells，2017)和儿童与物质环境的终身关系(Kraftl，2020)。研究将分析在战争期间受到影响的学校空间及其物质性如何与个人童年记忆相交，并产生跨代记忆。它将进一步在学校的空间中找到由各国产生的集体记忆。个人、跨代人和集体记忆之间的相互关系将有助于(重新)解读孟加拉国和印度学校空间中的战争叙事。定性的博士研究将基于民族志导向的方法，如观察法、访谈法和档案研究法。观察将涉及保存在学校和周围环境中的战争物质记忆，如照片、文件和纪念品。对这些学校以前的学生的采访将使他们了解战争期间童年的物质记忆。同样，对当代同一所学校/社区的儿童的采访将提供对战争跨代记忆的理解。这些档案研究，如新闻报道、政府文件、照片和各国保存在学校空间的纪念品，将使人们深入了解集体记忆。在南亚，孟加拉国达卡的解放战争博物馆、印度次大陆材料记忆的在线博物馆、阿姆利则的分治博物馆、克什米尔印巴边境的解锁亨达曼记忆博物馆等开创性努力提高了人们对物质记忆的相关性的认识。除此之外，这项博士研究还将为儿童参与冲突地区的空间开辟新的途径。

The Bangladesh liberation war in 1971 resulted in creating new identities for people affected and displaced by the cataclysmic event. Despite its mnemonic significance, individual memories of children's everyday spaces in Bangladesh and India during the war remain rare. This PhD project will explore how the spatiotemporal and material aspects of schools might mediate memories of the Bangladesh liberation war. The research will explore the interactions between children's war memories in the school environments and those constituted since then - and still visible - in the materialities of schools affected by the conflict. The research draws from the interdisciplinary framework of children's geographies and memory studies, with emphasis on children's everyday lives (Silova et al, 2018), children's experiences of war (Wells, 2017) and children's lifelong relationship with the material environment (Kraftl, 2020).The research will analyse how the spaces of schools affected during the war and their materiality intersect with individual childhood memories and generate transgenerational memories. It will further locate collective memories generated by the States in the spaces of schools. The interrelationship between individual, transgenerational and collective memories will help in (re)interpreting the war narratives in the spaces of schools in Bangladesh and India. The qualitative PhD research will be based on ethnographically-oriented methods, such as observations, interviews and archival research. Observations will be regarding the material memories of the war preserved in the schools and surrounding environments, such as photos, documents and memorabilia. Interviews with former students at these schools will provide understanding of their material memories of childhood during the war. Similarly, interviews of children in the same schools/neighbourhoods in present times will offer understanding of the transgenerational memories of the war. The archival research, such as press reports, government documents, photographs and memorabilia preserved by the States in the spaces of schools will give insights of the collective memories.In South Asia, pioneering efforts like the Liberation war museum in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the online museum of material memory of the Indian subcontinent, the Partition museum in Amritsar, Unlock Hundarman museum of memories at India-Pakistan border in Kashmir, have raised awareness of the relevance of material memories. Adding to this, the PhD research will open new pathwaysof children's engagement with spaces in conflict zones.