Antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes, drivers, and risk in the aquatic environments of Yorkshire

抗菌素耐药性（AMR）是一个全球性的健康威胁，水生环境日益被认为是一个重要的宿主和传播源。选择驱动因素、致病性和非致病性细菌的混合增加了生物之间通过水平基因转移（HGT）共享抗微生物药物耐药性基因（ARGs）的风险，并有可能产生耐药性病原体，导致无法治愈的疾病。媒体经常报道自来水公司排放处理过和未经处理的废物，但农业、医疗保健、工业和历史采矿场所都有助于推动抗菌素耐药性的选择。目前没有法律要求在排放或更广泛的环境中监测AMR，对河流的研究已经在包括英国在内的各个国家进行了，但自1971年以来没有在约克郡河进行过。约克郡伊尔克利的沃夫河（River Wharfe）是英国第一个被正式指定为浴场的内陆河，尼德河（River Nidd）的申请将于2024年获得批准，这两条河的集水区都特别值得关注。该项目将包括为期12个月的抗菌素耐药性细菌评估，方法是在尼德河和沃夫河的多个地点培养样本，以了解特殊时间波动。在目前仅监测粪便指标的洗浴季节，将进行宏基因组学分析，以深入了解河流抗性组。化学水质特征包括氮、碳、磷和金属也将被收集。然后将对这些数据进行评估，以确定测量变量、土地使用和预测污染源之间的相关性。这些结论可以用来告知当地的利益相关者，包括娱乐用水用户、水务公司和农民，并有助于未来更高层次的政策变化。

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, the aquatic environment is increasingly recognised as an important reservoir and source of transmission.The mixing of selection drivers, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria increases the risk of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) sharing between organism through Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) with the potential of producing resistant pathogens that could cause untreatable diseasesThe media frequently reports on the release of treated and untreated waste by water companies, but agriculture, healthcare, industrial and historic mining sites all contribute to driving the selection of AMR.There is currently no legal requirement to monitor AMR in discharge or the wider environment, research on rivers have been carried out in various countries including the UK but not in a Yorkshire River since 1971.The River Wharfe at Ilkley, Yorkshire was the first inland river site in the UK to be given formal bathing designation with an application for the River Nidd being assessed for approval in 2024, making both river catchments of particular interest.The project will consist of a 12-month assessment of antimicrobial resistant bacteria by culturing samples at multiple point on two rivers the Nidd and Wharfe to understand special-temporal fluctuations. During the bathing season, which currently only monitors faecal indicators, metagenomics analysis will be carried out to get an in-depth understanding of the river resistome. Chemical water quality characteristics including nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and metals will also be collected. The data will then be evaluated to identify correlations between the measured variables, land use and predicted pollution sources.The conclusions can be used to inform local stakeholders including recreational water users, water companies and farmers, as well as contributing to future policy changes at higher levels.