Counter-narratives and online hate speech: the case of Pakistan's religious minorities

该项目将开发一个人权框架，通过测试反叙事的效用来解决在线仇恨言论。它将把针对巴基斯坦宗教少数群体的网上仇恨言论作为案例研究。该研究将提出以下问题：i)谁是针对巴基斯坦宗教少数群体的网络仇恨言论的制造者？ii)仇恨言论在社交媒体平台上的动态和传播情况如何？正在使用哪些现有的应对措施？iv)如何重新定义反叙事，从而更好地应对网络仇恨言论？v)反叙事作为应对巴基斯坦针对宗教少数群体的网络仇恨言论的政策反应，效果如何？

This project will develop a human rights framework to tackle online hate speech by testing the utility of counter-narratives. It will take online hate speech targeted against religious minority communities in Pakistan as a case study. The research will ask: i) Who are the producers of online hate speech against religious minorities in Pakistan?; ii) What are the dynamics and spread of hate speech across social media platforms?; iii) What existing counter-responses are being used?; iv) How can reconceptualising counter-narratives lead to a better-informed response to tackling online hate speech?; v) How effective are counter-narratives as a policy response to tackle online hate speech against religious minorities in Pakistan?