Herbivore-Plant-Soil microbe interactions: who is helping whom

植物与其环境相互作用，并在与昆虫/病原体的生物相互作用期间经历表型变化。对生物胁迫因素的反应范围很广，可以发生在地上和地下，系统地影响整个植物和周围的植物环境（叶圈/根圈）。对植食性昆虫定殖的最重要的反应之一是改变所释放的外部化学信号，这可以通过招募植食性天敌和向邻近植物发出信号来影响植食性生物学。此外，不同取食方式的食草动物可以诱导不同的化学信号通路。这些化合物在地下的释放会影响植物与土壤微生物群落的相互作用，这些微生物群落与植物根系有关。土壤微生物群落的组成被认为是植物健康的重要因素。有益生物如固氮菌或菌根真菌的积累可以提高植物的性能，而病原菌的积累可以抑制植物的生长。在本项目中，我们假设：（1）地下食草动物的攻击会通过改变释放到土壤环境中的分泌物来改变地下化学。(2)这种对分泌物的修饰将影响植物微生物组，从而影响植物-微生物以及微生物-微生物相互作用。昆虫-植食性植物-土壤微生物相互作用的结果对于通过了解地下信号化学来提高作物生产力至关重要，从而导致抑制昆虫和病原体害虫的新干预措施。因此，本博士旨在解决以下问题：1。地上害虫的不同危害方式（吸吮、咀嚼）如何影响根际微生物组？2.微生物群落如何与含有亲脂性小分子化学信号的植物根系分泌物相互作用？3.根分泌物是否会导致根际环境发生持久的变化，从而影响微生物/植物的演替？为了实现上述三个目标，学生将围绕3个目标进行以下研究计划：1. 1描述在两种不同的食草动物取食方式（吸汁和嚼叶）下，通过小麦根系释放到根际的化学物质（挥发性和非挥发性）的变化.研究害虫入侵前后，根际分泌物与根际微生物群落的相互作用.调查地下化学改性对工厂系统的影响。

Plants interact with their environment and undergo phenotypic changes during biotic interactions with insects/pathogens. Responses to biotic stress factors are wide-ranging and can occur both above- and belowground, systematically affecting the whole plant and surrounding plant environment (phyllosphere/rhizosphere). One of the most important responses to insect herbivore colonization is the modification of external chemical signals released, which can impact on herbivore biology by recruitment of herbivore natural enemies, and by signalling to neighbouring plants. Furthermore, herbivores with different feeding modes can induce different chemical signalling pathways. The release of these compounds belowground can affect plant interactions with soil microbial communities that are associated with the plant root system. The composition of the soil microbial community has been recognized as an important factor in plant health. The accumulation of beneficial organisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi for instance can improve plant performance, while the accumulation of pathogens can suppress plant growth.In the project, we hypothesize that:(1) Aboveground herbivore attack will change the chemistry belowground through modifications of exudates released into the soil environment.(2) This modification to exudates will influence the plant microbiome affecting plant-microbe as well as microbe-microbe interactions.The consequences of insect herbivore-plant-soil microbe interactions are vital to improving crop productivity through understanding of the signalling chemistry belowground leading to new interventions on suppression of insect and pathogen pests. Therefore, this PhD aims to address the following questions:1. How do different modes of aboveground insect pest damage (sucking, chewing) impact upon the rhizosphere microbiome?2. How do microbial communities interact with plant root exudates containing small lipophilic molecule chemical signals?3. Do root exudates lead to long-lasting changes in the rhizosphere which could affect microbial/plant succession?To address these three aims detailed above, the following programme of research will be carried out by the student, based around 3 objectives:1. 1 Characterise how chemical compounds released into the rhizosphere (volatile and non-volatile) through the wheat root system change under two different herbivore feeding modes (sap-sucking and leaf-chewing).2. Investigate how exudates interact with rhizosphere microbial communities before and after pest attack.3. Investigate the impact on the plant system by the modification of chemistry belowground.