Computational Modelling and Analysis of Hydrogen Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines

研究背景：世界上大多数国家都承诺采取行动应对日益令人担忧的全球变暖问题。这主要表现为反碳立法。自然，由于交通运输占全球排放量的很大一部分，它被设定了非常雄心勃勃的目标。这一领域的主要担忧是全球呼吁从2035年和2050年分别为轻型和重型汽车独家销售零排放汽车(ZEV)。随着国际压力的增加，这一趋势预计只会继续下去。目前，有两种动力总成解决方案被普遍认为是应对ZEV的既定挑战：电池电动(BE)和氢(H2)燃料电池混合动力。然而，这两种动力总成都提出了具有挑战性的担忧，质疑其大规模采用的可行性。BE：充电时间长，续航里程长，价格昂贵，制造过程排放高，缺乏基础设施，长期可靠性未经证实，目前还不能解决死后使用的问题。氢燃料电池混合动力：解决了BE的充电时间和里程焦虑，但它也继承了所有其他问题，尽管要严重得多。尽管目前的研究重点是缓解这些问题，但很有可能不会在设定的时间框架内开发出针对这些问题的可实施的解决方案。利用现有的基于内燃机(ICE)的混合动力系统(具有零碳能源载体H2)，有可能在设定的时间框架内提供一种广泛适应(行业和客户)的ZEV。这主要是因为H2-ICE是一种进化，而不是像前面提到的动力总成那样的革命。H2-ICE的类似缺点是：与燃料电池的35%相比，油箱到车轮的效率更低，约为30%，并且必须减少一氧化二氮(NOx)的产生，以符合ZEV标准。然而，最显著的优势之一是：与传统动力总成相比，动力总成成本几乎没有增加，以及优越的总拥有成本(TCO)，已经实现了与燃料电池持平的全球变暖潜力(GWP)，以及未来全球变暖潜势(GWP)低于BE的可能性，能够在没有损害的情况下运行在不纯的氢气中，随着时间的推移，系统恶化最小、得到充分理解和控制，更可靠，特别是在恶劣的环境中，更好的包装，在高负载下更高的效率，在使用寿命和最少使用贵金属之后已经很好地实施了。目的：开发新的模型和对内燃机使用氢燃料的挑战和技术要求的实验见解。1：了解和评估当前H2 ICE建模技术的局限性和缺点。2：增进对氢气内燃机中的燃烧和相关现象(例如，混合物制备和热传递)的理解。3：先进的氢气冰模拟技术，在确定的适当部门。4：通过计算优化H2内燃机的燃烧过程和相关现象，以提高效率和NOx排放。5：利用实验数据进行验证并实现其他目标。应用和效益：该项目的成果可直接用于商业零碳冰的开发，可为各种车辆提供环境和经济上可持续的推进。研究理事会：该项目由工程和物理科学研究理事会(EPSRC)部分赞助，并被纳入“氢和替代能源载体”研究领域，特别是作为“在交通运输中应用清洁氢技术的步骤”，截至2021年10月，GB 26,785,769为该领域投资。

Context of Research:Most countries around the world have promised to act against the increasingly worrying issue of global warming. This has primarily manifested itself as anti-carbon legislation.Naturally, as transport accounts for a very considerable fraction of the global emissions, it has been set very ambitious goals. The main concern in this sector is the global calling for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) to be exclusively sold from years ~2035 and ~2050, for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles respectively. This trend is expected to only continue as international pressures increase.Currently, there are two powertrain solutions that are generally considered to be the answer to the set challenge of 'ZEV': Battery Electric (BE) and Hydrogen (H2) Fuel Cell Hybrid.However, both of those powertrains raise challenging concerns which question the feasibility of their mass-scale adoption. BE: long charging times, range anxiety, expensive, high emission from the manufacture, lack of infrastructure, un-proved long term reliability, currently no answer to the after-life utilisation. H2 Fuel Cell Hybrid: solves the charging time and range anxiety of the BE, however, it also inherits all the other concerns though much more severely. Even though current research focuses on mitigating these issues, it is very much possible that implementable solutions to these problems will not be developed within the set timeframe.The utilisation of current internal combustion engine (ICE) based hybrid powertrain systems with zero-carbon energy carrier that is H2, has the potential to deliver a widely adaptable (by industry and customers) 'ZEV' within the set timeframe. This is primarily because H2-ICE is an evolution, rather than a revolution as is the case in the aforementioned powertrains. The comparable disadvantages of H2-ICE are: lower tank to wheel efficiency of ~30% compared to fuel cell's 35%, and nitrous oxides (NOx) production which would have to be mitigated in order to comply with the 'ZEV' standards. However, one of the most notable advantages are: comparably little to no increase of powertrain cost compared to traditional powertrains and superior Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), already achieved global warming potential (GWP) parity with fuel cells as well as the possibility of lower GWP than a BE in the future, able to operate on impure H2 with no detriments, minimal, well understood and controlled system deterioration over time, more reliable especially in harsh environments, better packaging, higher efficiency at high loads, already well implemented after life utilisation and minimal use of precious metals.Aim: Develop New Modelling and Experimental Insight into the Challenges and Technology Requirements for the Use of H2 Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines.Objectives:Obj. 1: Understand and evaluate the limitations and shortcomings of current H2 ICE modelling techniques.Obj. 2: Advance the understanding of combustion and related phenomena (e.g. mixture preparation and heat transfer) in H2 ICEs.Obj. 3: Advance H2 ICE modelling techniques, in identified appropriate sectors.Obj. 4: Computationally optimise the combustion process and related phenomena in H2 ICE for efficiency and NOx emissions.Obj. 5: Utilise experimental data for validation and to achieve other objectives.Application and Benefits:Results of this project could be directly utilised in the development of commercial zero-carbon ICEs, which could provide environmentally and financially sustainable propulsion for a wide range of vehicles.Research Council:This project is partially sponsored by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and is incorporated into the "Hydrogen and alternative energy vectors" research area, specifically as "steps towards the application of clean hydrogen technologies in transport" focus, for which £26,785,769 was invested as of October 2021.