Cortical Hyperexcitability Underlies Aberrant Auditory Perception

异常知觉体验与潜在的神经活动兴奋有关，称为皮质超兴奋性(CH；Wilkins，1995)。由此产生的知觉是细胞结构特有的，也就是说，知觉领域依赖于过度兴奋的大脑皮层区域(Burke，2002)。这些异常和潜在的CH是几种疾病和精神病理的特征，例如伴有先兆的偏头痛(MWA)和精神分裂症(Palmer等人，2000年；Spencer等人，2009年)。众所周知，MWA患者具有过度兴奋的视觉皮质(Mulleners等人，2001年)。通过使用TMS，我们知道MWA患者的磷烯阈值，即诱导幻觉磷烯所需的磁刺激强度，低于对照组(Aurora等人，2003年)。BOLD反应数据表明，MWA患者的V1活动显著增加，时间锁定为异常的视觉偏头痛症状(Hadjikhani等人，2001年)。因此，Wilkins(1995)向MWA患者展示了一系列高、中、低频率的格栅图案，并收集了引起视觉失真(图案眩光)的数据，从而创建了图案眩光测试。与对照组参与者相比，MWA患者始终表现出对模式眩光的更大易感性(Evans&Stevenson，2008)。神经成像研究表明，最令人痛苦的模式在视觉皮质产生短而高幅度的血氧水平依赖(BOLD)反应(Haigh，Cooper&Wilkins，2015)。这种反应与较低的GABA浓度有关，GABA是一种建议的局部CH调节剂(Muthukurmaraswamy等人，2012年)。

Aberrant perceptual experiences are associated with underlying excitation of neural activity known as cortical hyperexcitability (CH; Wilkins, 1995). Resulting percepts are cytoarchitecturally specific, that is the perceptual domain is dependent on the cortical region of hyperexcitability (Burke, 2002). These aberrations and underlying CH are characteristic of several disorders and psychopathologies such as Migraine with Aura (MwA) and Schizophrenia (Palmer et al., 2000; Spencer et al., 2009). MwA patients are known to have a hyperexcitable visual cortex (Mulleners et al., 2001). Using TMS we know phosphene thresholds, the intensity of magnetic stimulation required to induce illusory phosphenes, is lower in MwA patients than controls (Aurora et al., 2003). BOLD response data suggests MwA patients experience significantly elevated V1 activity time-locked to aberrant visual migraine symptoms (Hadjikhani et al., 2001). This suggests visual symptoms of migraine are intrinsically linked to underlying CH.As such, Wilkins (1995) presented a series of grating patterns of high, medium, and low frequency to MwA patients and collected data on the visual distortions (pattern glare) elicited, thus creating the pattern glare test. MwA patients consistently show greater susceptibility to pattern glare than control participants (Evans & Stevenson, 2008). Neuroimaging studies suggest the most distressing patterns produce short, high amplitude Bloody Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) responses in the visual cortex (Haigh, Cooper & Wilkins, 2015). Such responses are associated with lower GABA concentrations, a proposed modulator for localised CH (Muthukurmaraswamy et al., 2012).