Spaces of informal militarism: Analysing violence, resistance, and militarism in contemporary India

本研究有两个目的：(1)以军国主义作为概念视角来研究印度的当代暴力；(2)为印度的非正式军国主义制定一个地方化的框架。这项研究探讨了印度人民党(BJP)统治下的印度军国主义的信息化和抵抗。它使用正在进行的反对2019年公民身份修正案(CAA)的抗议运动作为案例研究来分析这一趋势。有争议的CAA与针对被边缘化人口，尤其是穆斯林的暴力上升有关，并引发了日益军事化的抵抗和反抵抗运动。然而，现有的军国主义框架并不能有效地识别这种基本上不受监管和非正式的军国主义的全部范围，这些框架大多是在狭隘的西方背景下发展起来的。这些框架来自西方的安全和军事概念，并基于西方的社会政治结构，这限制了它们在后西方背景下的应用(Rodriguez，2018)。本研究采用后殖民主义和女权主义的方法，将印度语境中的军国主义和对军国主义的抵制联系起来，重点关注德里和加尔各答。它运用了丰富的定性方法，包括参与性观察、焦点小组和社交媒体分析，以了解军国主义及其抵抗在印度的空间、物质和话语影响。它借鉴并促进了重要的军事研究、重要的安全研究和女权主义地缘政治，将这些工作机构聚集在一个重要但未被探索的背景下。考虑到全球军事化政治暴力的激增，这项研究是及时的。

This research has two objectives: (1) To use militarism as a conceptual lens to study contemporary violence in India and (2) To develop a provincialized framework for informal militarism in India. This research explores the informalisation of and resistance to militarism in India under the rule of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It uses the ongoing protest movement against the 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) as a case study to analyse this trend. The controversial CAA has been associated with a rise in violence against marginalised populations, especially Muslims, and has given rise to increasingly militarised resistance and counter-resistance movements. However, existing frameworks of militarism, most of which are developed in a narrow set of 'western' contexts are not effective in identifying the full scope of this largely unregulated and informal militarism. These frameworks are drawn from western conceptions of security and military and are based in western socio-political structures, which limits their application in postwestern contexts (Rodriguez, 2018). This research adopts postcolonial and feminist approaches to contextualise militarism and resistance to militarism in the Indian context, focusing on Delhi and Kolkata. It employs rich qualitative methods including participatory observation, focus groups and social media analysis to understand the spatial, material, and discursive impacts of militarism and its resistance in India. It draws from and contributes to critical military studies, critical security studies and feminist geopolitics, bringing these bodies of work together in an important yet underexplored context. The research is timely considering the proliferation of militarised political violence globally.