Verbal Aspect in Istroromanian

伊斯特鲁曼语（Istroromanian）是克罗地亚西北部伊斯特里亚半岛的两个村庄使用的一种濒危语言。有两种不同的方言- Zheyanski和Vlashki。虽然是一种东方罗曼语，但长期与查卡维亚语接触，使其与巴尔干半岛的语言联盟的核心成员达科-罗马尼亚语以及意大利语或法语等西方罗曼语明显不同。伊斯特罗罗曼语最显著的语法特征之一是其词汇体系统。与克罗地亚语、俄语或捷克语等斯拉夫语言非常相似，伊斯特罗曼语的动词也是成对出现的，其中一个表示未完成体，另一个表示完成体。例如，“to drink”可以被翻译为“to drink（通常，重复地或持续一段时间）”或“popi”“to drink（once），to drink up”。传统上，未完成体被描述为用于一般陈述以及重复动作，而完成体是“目标导向的”和one-off.Using Zvjezdana Vrzic的注释语料库，存放在ELAR，我的目标是建立一个正式的类型学的体对。与斯拉夫语类似，伊斯特罗罗曼语的体对可以通过前缀（使连续体成为完成体）、变位模式的变化、词干元音的变化或补充来形成。这也将使我们能够发现双体动词和范式中的潜在漏洞。此后，话语和句法环境中的每一个方面的类别将搭配和使用克莱因的体理论，我将到达一个工作理论的Istroromanian体。下一步，安东尼·赫伦在20世纪60年代收集的音频材料将被审查和注释。赫伦的录音最近被牛津大学的ISTROX项目数字化，并呈现了60年前所说的丰富多样的伊斯特鲁曼语。与20世纪世纪早期的小型文本集一起，它将有可能以历史的深度来描述伊斯特罗曼语的面貌，并确定在有记录的时间跨度内发生的任何可能的变化。该计划将实现以下几点：首先，它将有助于描述一种严重濒危的语言，而这仍然是基于现实生活中的数据。此外，注释赫伦录音将确保进一步的跨学科奖学金可以进行的材料。其次，Istroromanian是语言接触中一个有趣的案例研究。Kaufmann和Kaufason预测，强烈和持续的语言接触会导致相关语言的语法变化。然而，这种变化是如何构成的，从一开始就不清楚。这将是有趣的，看看在什么方面方面排队，以及它如何不同的伊斯特罗曼尼亚语和当地的查卡维亚方言。保加利亚语和马其顿语的描述非常丰富，也将有助于进行富有成效的比较，因为两者都具有丰富的过去式系统，确定性的形态标记和词汇体系统。第三，考察Istroromanian语将使我们对体作为一个跨语言范畴有新的认识，体是出了名的难以令人满意地描述的。

Istroromanian is a critically endangered language spoken in two villages on the Istrian peninsula in the Northwest of Croatia. There are two distinct dialects - Zheyanski and Vlashki. Though an Eastern Romance language, long-term contact with Chakavian, making it markedly different from both Daco-Romanian which is a central member of the Balkan sprachbund as well as Western Romance languages such as Italian or French. One of the most striking grammatical features of Istroromanian is its lexical aspect system. Very much like in Slavic languages such as Croatian, Russian or Czech, Istroromanian verbs come in lexical pairs, one of which denotes imperfective aspect, the other perfective aspect. For example, 'to drink' can either be rendered as be 'to drink (generally, repeatedly or for an extended time period)' or popi 'to drink (once), to drink up'. Imperfective aspect is traditionally described as employed for general statements as well as repeated actions, while perfective is 'goal-oriented' and one-off.Using Zvjezdana Vrzic's annotated corpus, deposited on ELAR, I aim to establish a formal typology of aspect pairs. Similarly to Slavic, Istroromanian aspect pairs can be formed through prefixation (making imperfectives perfective), change in conjugation pattern, change in stem vowels or suppletion. This will also allow us to spot bi-aspectual verbs and potential holes in the paradigm. Thereafter, discursive and syntactic contexts for each aspectual category will be collocated and using Klein's theory of aspect, I shall arrive at a working theory of Istroromanian aspect. In a next step, the audio materials collected by Anthony Hurren in the 1960's will be reviewed and annotated. The Hurren recordings have recently been digitised by the ISTROX project at Oxford and present a rich and varied collection of Istroromanian spoken 60 years ago. Together with smaller text collections from the early 20th century, it will be possible to give an account of Istroromanian aspect with historical depth and identify any possible changes that have occurred over the documented timespan.The intended project will achieve a number of things: first, it will help describe a critically endangered language while this is still possible on the basis of real-life data. Furthermore, annotating the Hurren recordings will ensure further interdisciplinary scholarship can be conducted on the materials. Second, Istroromanian makes for an interesting case study in Language Contact. Thomason and Kaufmann predict that intense and sustained language contact yields significant grammatical change in the languages concerned. How this change is structured, however, is not immediately clear from the onset. It will be interesting to see in what ways aspect lines up with and how it differs between Istroromanian and the local Chakavian dialect. Bulgarian and Macedonian, descriptions of which are plentiful, will also make for a fruitful point of comparison, since both feature a rich past tense system, morphological markers of definiteness and a lexical aspect system. Third, looking at Istroromanian will shed new light on aspect as a crosslinguistic category which has been notoriously difficult to describe satisfyingly.