A 'Culture of the Displaced'? The interactions of displaced populations in identity and politics in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world

我的博士研究人口流离失所和难民危机在古典和希腊化的希腊世界（大约公元前500-100）。具体而言，它重新评估了被驱逐的人口如何制作一个新的，以前不被注意的“流离失所的身份”，并广泛使用它在他们的政治谈判。我的研究问题询问了完全驱逐对城市人口的影响：共同的错位经历如何影响流离失所者的身份？这种身份有多普遍？它如何与其他身份互动？它为流离失所的社区提供了什么政治杠杆？这如何重新定位我们对历史事件和趋势的解释？这项研究的意义是重大的：它发现了希腊历史上一种新的身份和政治话语，探索了其广泛的表现形式，并通过现代难民研究的透镜，为未被充分研究的下层历史行为者提供了动力。虽然研究相对稀少，但人口流离失所在古希腊世界是一种非常普遍的现象：我的数据库收集了至少112个古典时代的城市。以前的学术研究往往集中在精英和那些对流离失所负有责任的人提出的证据上。然而，我的哲学硕士研究揭示了我们可以使用其他证据的方法，特别是金石学和考古学，挖掘流离失所者的主位声音，并从他们的角度重建他们的行动。我将把这种新的方法应用于古典和希腊化时期，创造一个新的表征这种现象，并通过它重新评估希腊历史。我将把我的项目分为三个部分。首先，我将采取一种整体的方法，并定量分析所有现存的证据，人口流离失所的古典和希腊化的希腊世界。在将这些数据收集到各种数据库中之后，我将把这些数据集发展成两个介绍性的章节（一个是古典的，一个是希腊化的），以澄清哪些分析可以（和不可以）得出，并提供一个总体的流离失所类型学。这种语境化为我的第二种方法提供了框架：研究流离失所者的观点和行动最明显的案例。这种方法将零到这个“流离失所的身份”从最主位的角度来看，确定其组成方面，并检查正是什么使这种身份获得牵引作为一种话语在政治。特别是，我将重点关注多次被驱逐的人口。在古典世界中，至少有23个案例，这些重复的经验最好地解释了身份在不同时代的发展，与其他身份的互动，以及在不同环境中的核心“有意”重塑。我将通过研究和比较被不同类型的社会冲突所扰乱的人们的政治行为，来捕捉这种“被扰乱的身份”的广泛的社会应用和政治效用。开除富有成效的例子包括比较来自帝国协调的集合论的证据，比较遣返和搬迁，考虑部分人口流离失所，以及流离失所的城市变成流离失所者的情况。不同的人以相互矛盾的方式使用这种流离失所的话语，揭示了一种多方面的政治工具。因此，我的研究探讨了流离失所的经历如何影响流离失所者的身份，以及这些新的身份，围绕错位重塑，如何在他们的政治谈判中提供独特的杠杆作用。这一专题研究，它借鉴了现代难民研究（特别是“campzenship”），打开了新的大门重新评估下属特遣队的作用和他们在希腊社会的重要性。因此，这种跨学科的方法将对这种未充分研究的现象进行严格的描述，同时也重新评估古希腊历史，并帮助重新思考今天的历史。

My DPhil studies population displacements and refugee crises in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world (roughly 500-100 B.C.). Specifically, it reappraises how expelled populations crafted a new, previously unnoticed 'displaced identity' and used it widely in their political negotiations. My research questions interrogate the implications of total expulsion on a city's population: how did the shared experience of dislocation affect the identities of displaced peoples? How widespread was this identity; how did it interact with other identities? What political leverage did it provide displaced communities? How does this re-orient our interpretation of historical events and trends?The implications of this research are significant: it detects a new identity and political discourse in Greek history, explores its wide-ranging manifestations, and gives agency to understudied subaltern historical actors through the lens of modern refugee studies.Although studied relatively sparsely, population displacements were a remarkably common occurrence in the ancient Greek world: my database has gathered at least 112 such cities in the Classical age. Previous scholarship has often focused on evidence produced by the elite and those responsible for displacement. However, my MPhil research has revealed the ways we can use other evidence, especially epigraphy and archaeology, to excavate the emic voices of the displaced, and reconstruct their actions from their perspectives.I will apply this new approach to the Classical and Hellenistic periods, to create a new characterisation of this phenomenon and re-evaluate Greek history through it. I shall structure my project in three parts. First, I will take a holistic approach and quantitatively analyse all extant evidence for population displacements in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek world. After gathering this data into assorted databases, I will develop this dataset into two introductory chapters (one Classical, one Hellenistic) to clarify what analyses can (and cannot) be drawn, and provide an overarching typology of displacement.This contextualisation provides the framework for my second approach: studying cases where the perspectives and actions of the displaced are most visible. This approach will zero into this 'displaced identity' from the most emic perspective, identify its constituent aspects, and examine what precisely enabled this identity to gain traction as a discourse in politics. In particular, I will focus on populations that were expelled multiple times. Amounting to at least twenty-three cases in the Classical world, these reiterated experiences best distil the identity's development across generations, interaction with other identities, and core 'intentional' remodellings in diverse settings.Having defined their identity, I shall capture the vast social applications and political utility of this 'displaced identity' by studying and comparing the political actions of people dislocated by different types of expulsion. Fruitful examples include comparing evidence from imperially-coordinated synoikisms, comparing repatriations to relocations, considering partial population displacements, and cases where displaced cities turn into displacers. Different people used this discourse of displacement in contradictory ways, revealing a multifaceted political tool.My research thus probes how the experience of displacement affected the identities of displaced peoples, and how these new identities, remoulded around dislocation, provided unique leverage in their political negotiations. This topical research, which draws on modern refugee studies (especially 'campzenship'), opens new doors into reappraising the roles of subaltern contingents and their importance in Greek society. This interdisciplinary approach will thus produce a rigorous characterisation of this understudied phenomenon, while also re-evaluating ancient Greek history and helping to rethink today's