The Cultural Emergence And Social Construction Of Self-Harm In The 1990's

自伤(故意的、间歇性的自伤，在文献中也被称为非自杀性自伤)是国际公认的重大公共卫生问题，也是英国住院的最常见原因之一(Clements，2016)。虽然在心理健康专业中引起了广泛的关注，但对其病因或适当的护理几乎没有达成共识(Chandler等人，2011年)。流行文化和社交媒体中对自我伤害的描述引发了争议，似乎已经将一种孤立的做法转变为一种传染病(Arendt等人，2019年)。作为一种文化，我们已经形成了关于自我伤害意味着什么、谁在实践它以及应该如何处理它的特定想法。这项研究将批判性地探讨这些观点，并将它们与其历史和社会政治根源重新联系起来，以便更好地将自残理解为一种集体心理社会现象。虽然这种做法有着悠久的历史，但自残直到20世纪90年代才出现在一般公众的意识中。在这十年中，英国的自伤率显著增加：霍顿等人。(2000、2003)记录了1985-1995年和1990-2000年期间英国的自伤率显著上升。这一趋势一直延续到今天，一些研究表明，自伤率似乎一直在上升(Carr等人，2016年；McManus等人，2019年)。在1990年代利率开始上升的同时，通过大众媒体的新表现，自我伤害经历了一种突然的文化涌现。20世纪90年代，随着媒体对这一做法的描述增加，以及许多名人作为“剪刀者”的“出柜”，它从默默无闻到引人注目的转变加速了(阿德勒和阿德勒，2011)。到了千禧年，自我伤害已经在集体心理中巩固下来，并进入了普通处于困境的年轻人可以采取的行动的范围。

Self-harm (deliberate, episodic self-wounding, also referred to in the literature as non-suicidal self-injury) is internationally recognised as a major public health problem and is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission in the UK (Clements, 2016). While a source of widespread concern in the mental health professions, there is little consensus about its aetiology or proper care (Chandler et al., 2011). Depictions of self-harm in popular culture and social media attract controversy and seem to have turned a solitary practice into a contagion (Arendt et al., 2019). As a culture we have developed particular ideas about what self-harm means, who practices it, and how it should be dealt. This research will critically engage with these ideas and reconnect them with their historical and socio-political origins, so that self-harm can be better understood as a collective psychosocial phenomenon.While the practice has a long history, self-harm only emerged into general public awareness during the 1990s. In this decade, rates of self-harm in the UK increased significantly: Hawton et al. (2000, 2003) documented marked increases in rates of self-harm in the UK during the periods 1985-1995 and 1990-2000. This trend has continued to the present day, with some studies describing a seemingly perpetual increase in self-harm rates (Carr et al., 2016; McManus et al., 2019). At the same time as rates began to rise in the 1990s, self-harm underwent a sudden cultural emergence via new representations in popular media. Its transition from obscurity to visibility in the 1990s was accelerated by an increase in depictions of the practice in media, and by the 'coming out' of many celebrities as 'cutters' (Adler and Adler, 2011). By the millennium, self-harm had cemented itself in the collective psyche and entered the sphere of available actions for the average young person in distress.