The Archaeology of Squatters' Settlements in Rural England, 1550-1750.

这篇论文将结合材料和景观证据的研究，以及档案和地图资料，来考察公元1550-1750年间英国农村穷人的生活、景观和遗产。在宗教改革之后--以及在早期现代时期的剩余时间里--农村贫困和无家可归是主要问题。他们一直是大多数人的恐惧，同时也被统治精英视为对社会稳定的威胁。然而，农村贫困的经历还有待考古学家充分检验。通过关注四个县(什罗普郡、北安普敦郡、萨里郡和白金汉郡)，这个项目将超越先前的研究，产生第一个关于公元1550-1750年间英格兰农村贫困的深入考古研究。目的确定穷人在早期现代英国景观中被安置在哪里。突出为流离失所的人提供的景观证据。了解公地和森林是如何被穷人用作资源的。跟踪棚户区的发展并评估他们在今天景观中的遗产。历史学家描绘了早期现代时期农村贫困人口和无地人口的崛起，指出人们对社会秩序受到的威胁日益关注，这既产生了基于早期国家反应的“自上而下”观点，也产生了基于“自下而上”微观历史的观点(例如，Hindle 2004)。然而，尽管鼓吹历史考古学可以提供“无声的声音”，但到目前为止，农村穷人的景观和物质地位一直被考古学家忽视。值得注意的是，约翰逊(1996)关于向资本主义转型的开创性研究完全集中在“中等人群”身上，未能确定在后中世纪转型期间遭受苦难和流离失所的人。这个项目建立在我成功的硕士论文的基础上，这篇论文考察了威尔士议会围困时代的棚户区。这项研究将使用国家数据集，如HER，早期围栏计划，以及庄园和县地图，以确定四个重点县的棚户区、公共土地和森林：什罗普郡、北安普敦郡、萨里和白金汉郡。星室法院、四分之一会议、小会议、森林法院和大法官令的档案记录将与当地贫困救济记录一起使用，以确定贫困的人、地点和年表，并将这些地点置于其历史背景中。对后来的地图(议会围栏、早期OS和十分之一地图)和航空摄影的评估将为有针对性的现场访问提供信息，以确定与棚户区有关的地点。本论文将开发第一个关于早期现代棚户区的证据数据库：为未来关于英格兰的工作奠定基础。此外，它还将导致制定一种恢复短暂历史住区的新方法：这是向前迈出的具有国际意义的一步。该项目将为过去和现在关于农村贫困的辩论提供一个新的起点，这一辩论具有政治和社会意义，特别是在土地所有权和农业经济目前正在适应新的情况和政治议程的情况下。最后，论文本身，以及一些会议来稿和学术同行评议文章，将对学术知识和英国历史考古学做出重大和原创性的贡献。

This thesis will combine the study of material and landscape evidence with archival and cartographic sources to examine the lives, landscapes, and legacy of the rural poor in England between c.1550-c.1750. In the aftermath of the Reformation- and for the remainder of the early-modern period- rural poverty and homelessness were major issues. They were ever present fears for the majority of the population, whilst also being perceived by the ruling elite as a threat to social stability. However, the experience of rural poverty is yet to be fully examined by archaeologists. By focusing on four counties (Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire) this project will move beyond previous research to produce the first in-depth archaeological study of rural poverty in England between c.1550-c.1750. ObjectivesTo identify where the poor were accommodated in the early-modern English landscape.To highlight the landscape evidence that exists for displaced people.To understand how commons and forests were used as a resource by the poor.To trace the development of squatter settlements and assess their legacy in the landscape today. Historians have charted the rise of the rural poor and landlessness over the early-modern period, noting the increasing concern about perceived threats to the social order, which has produced both 'top down' perspectives based on the reactions of the early state and 'bottom up' microhistories (e.g. Hindle 2004). However, the landscapes and materiality of the rural poor have thus far been neglected by archaeologists, despite advocating that historical archaeology can provide the 'voice of the voiceless'. Significantly, Johnson's (1996) seminal work on the transition to capitalism focuses exclusively on the 'middling sort' and fails to identify those who suffered and were displaced during the period of post-medieval transition. This project builds on my successful master's dissertation which examined squatters' settlements during the age of parliamentary enclosure in Wales. The study will use national data sets such as the HER, early enclosure plans, and estate and county maps to identify squatter settlements, common land and forest in the four focal counties: Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire. Archival records of the Court of Star Chamber, Quarter Sessions, Petty Sessions, Forest courts, and Chancery Decree Rolls will be used alongside local poor relief records to identify people, places, and chronologies of poverty, situating the sites within their historical context. An assessment of later maps (parliamentary enclosure, early OS and tithe maps) and aerial photography will inform targeted site visits to identify sites associated with squatters.This thesis will develop the first database of evidence for early-modern squatter settlements: a foundation for future work on England. In addition, it will lead to the development of a new methodology for recovering ephemeral historic settlements: an internationally significant step forward. The project will provide a new departure for the debate about rural poverty past and present, which is both politically and socially relevant, especially as land ownership and the agricultural economy are currently adjusting to new circumstances and political agendas. Finally, the thesis itself, and a number of conference contributions and academic peer-reviewed articles, will make a significant and original contribution to academic knowledge and British historical archaeology.