Governance of energy and transport infrastructures and services for wellbeing and planetary boundaries

本项目审查国内能源和公共交通普遍基本服务治理方案的利弊。关于公正转型的文献强调，净零气候政策需要同时解决环境和社会目标，以确保社会公正、公众支持和环境有效性。为了实现社会和环境目标，已经提出了绿色普遍基本服务的建议，例如提供基本数量的免费电力和公共交通，目的是减少排放和改善社会福利（Buchs, 2021； Buchs等人，2021;Coote, 2021）。然而，如何设计基本服务的提供，以及如何管理基础能源和公共交通基础设施，以最大限度地实现环境和社会目标，目前仍不清楚。此外，人们对绿色基本服务的政治和公众接受程度知之甚少。提供基本能源和运输服务有几种选择，例如，计划可以覆盖全体人口或以处境不利群体为目标。这些选择将产生不同的分配影响、吸收水平和管理成本。同样，在能源和公共交通基础设施的治理方面也存在几种选择，包括投资、所有权、市场结构和决策模式，以及不同程度的公民参与和民主问责制。需要更多地了解实现社会和环境目标的不同治理方案的优缺点。最后，公众和政治接受普遍的基本能源和运输服务以及基础设施治理的水平和因素需要进行新的研究：这些选择得到了多少支持，哪些社会或政治团体给予了支持，为什么？博士研究旨在从研究结果中确定可操作的政策建议，以最大限度地发挥影响。研究目标：该博士项目将解决三个主要问题：1)基于满足需求、公平和实现气候目标的标准，为能源和公共交通提供普遍基本服务的不同设计方案的优缺点是什么？2)基于需求满足、公平和实现气候目标的标准，能源和公共交通基础设施治理方案在投资、所有权、市场结构和决策模式方面有哪些优势和劣势？3)对于通用基本能源和公共交通服务的不同设计方案，公众和政治支持的驱动因素和障碍是什么？方法：本项目将采用混合方法，包括深入的案例研究，半结构化访谈和调查。第一季度的研究将建立一个欧洲现有基本能源和公共交通服务方案的数据库。与该领域的专家和实践者进行定性访谈，并对现有方案进行深入的案例研究，以研究设计与社会和环境结果之间的关系。第二季度的研究将创建英国发电和公共交通基础设施治理方案的清单，随后是专家利益相关者访谈，根据需求满足、公平和实现气候目标的标准，检查不同治理方案的优缺点。在第三季度，将进行一项有代表性的调查，以审查公众对能源和公共交通基础设施和服务的设计和治理方案的支持因素。此外，还将对较小样本的调查对象以及政策和从业人员代表进行定性访谈，以更深入地了解支持的驱动因素和障碍。

This project examines advantages and disadvantages of governance options of universal basic services for domestic energy and public transport. Literature on just transitions highlights that net zero climate policies need to address environmental and social objectives simultaneously to ensure social justice, public support, and environmental effectiveness. To address both social and environmental objectives, proposals have been made for green universal basic services, e.g. the provision of basic amounts of free electricity and public transport, with the aim to reduce emissions and improve social wellbeing (Buchs, 2021; Buchs et al., 2021; Coote, 2021). However, it remains unclear how the provision of basic services could be designed, and how underlying energy and public transport infrastructures should be governed, to maximise environmental and social objectives. In addition, little is known about political and public acceptance of green basic services. Several options exist for the provision of basic energy and transport services, e.g. schemes could cover the whole population or target disadvantaged groups. These options will have different distributional impacts, levels of uptake, and administrative costs. Likewise, several options exist regarding the governance of energy and public transport infrastructures, including investment, ownership, market structure, and decision-making models, with varying degrees of citizen participation and democratic accountability. More needs to be known about the advantages and disadvantages of different governance options for achieving social and environmental objectives. Finally, levels and factors for public and political acceptance of universal basic energy and transport services and infrastructure governance require new research: how much support is there for these options, by which social or political groups and why? The PhD research will aim to identify actionable policy recommendations from the findings to maximise impact. Research objectives: This PhD project will address three main questions: 1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of different design options for the provision of universal basic services for energy and public transport based on criteria of needs satisfaction, fairness and the achievement of climate targets? 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of governance options for energy and public transport infrastructures in relation to investment, ownership, market structure, and decision-making models, and based on criteria of needs satisfaction, fairness and the achievement of climate targets? 3) What are drivers and barriers of public and political support for different design options of universal basic energy and public transport services? Methods: This project will utilise mixed methods, including in-depth case studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. Research for Q1 will establish a database of existing basic energy and public transport service schemes across Europe. Qualitative interviews with experts and practitioners from this field and in-depth case studies of existing schemes will be conducted to examine relationships between design and social and environmental outcomes. Research for Q2 will create an inventory of governance schemes for electricity generation and public transport infrastructures in the UK, followed by expert stakeholder interviews to examine advantages and disadvantages of different governance schemes based on criteria of needs satisfaction, fairness and achievement of climate targets. For Q3, a representative survey will be conducted to examine factors for public support for design and governance options of energy and public transport infrastructures and services. This will be complemented with qualitative interviews with a smaller sample of survey respondents, as well as with policy and practitioners representatives to gain a more in-depth understanding of drivers and barriers for support.