Race, decoloniality and the will for alterity: A critical-ethical approach to racial (de-)subjection and subjectivation in the modern state

在全球范围内，过去十年中，人们对种族和种族主义的社会政治关切不断增加，从不断增长的BLM和土著权利运动到民粹主义右翼政党的分裂政策/言论。个人越来越多地反思他们的生活，他们对社会世界的体验，以及他们的自我理解（即，他们的主体性）是由“种族”构成的。但是，这种“种族化”到底是如何产生的呢？这对个人/社会造成了什么问题？而且，我们怎么能想到有问题的种族化的可能替代方案？在我的研究中，我的目标是通过阐述一个原始的“批判伦理”框架来探索这些问题，这个框架（主要）借鉴了米歇尔·福柯的晚期著作，但也通过与“非西方”哲学的批判建设性对话来补充它们。“批判伦理”反映了福柯（2007）的建议，即“批判”是一种独特的“伦理”，由一种意志驱动，（具体化的）自由，其中之一是成为不同于其构成的自由。（或'subject'）as（福柯，1984年）。我的研究开始采用系谱学的方法来批判性地研究种族从属，以及它在现代国家中的社会政治和道德影响。系谱学是一种历史调查，它对当前的实践、话语、制度等进行“问题化”（即揭示假设/偶然性），我们认为是自然的或“必要的”。我将主要利用英国的历史资料，但也将其与美国和拉丁美洲的种族化进行比较和对比。通过挑出“种族主体”，我将为福柯（1997）自己和其他人（Stafford，1994;McWhorter，2009）更广泛的“种族”谱系做出贡献。我认为，种族服从是现代国家中种族压迫和对抗的核心。因此，这项研究是更好地理解这些更广泛问题的关键。

Globally, the past decade has seen ever-increasing socio-political concern regarding race and racism,from growing BLM and indigenous rights movements to the divisive policies/rhetoric of populist-rightparties. Individuals increasingly reflect on how their lives, their experience of the social world, and theirvery self-understanding (i.e., their subjectivities) are constituted by 'race'. But how exactly has this'racialisation' come to be? What problems does this cause for individuals/societies? And, how could weconceive of possible alternatives to problematic racialisation? In my research, I aim to explore thesequestions through the elaboration of an original 'critical-ethical' framework that (primarily) draws on thelate writings of Michel Foucault, but also supplements them via a critical-constructive dialogue with 'nonWestern' philosophies. 'Critical-ethical' reflects Foucault's (2007) suggestion that 'critique' is groundedon a distinctive 'ethos', driven by a will to (particularised) freedom(s), among these the freedom tobecome otherwise than that which one is constituted (or 'subjected') as (Foucault, 1984).My research begins by employing genealogical methods to critically investigate racial subjection, and itsproblematic socio-political and ethical effects, in the modern state. Genealogies are historicalinvestigations that 'problematise' (i.e. reveal assumptions/contingencies in) current practices,discourses, institutions, etc., that we regard as natural or 'necessary'. I will primarily draw on historicalinformation from the UK, but also compare and contrast this to racialisation in the US and Latin America.By singling out 'racial subjection', I will contribute to Foucault's (1997) own, and to other (Stoler, 1994;McWhorter, 2009), broader genealogies of 'race'. Racial subjection, I argue, lies at the core of racialrepressions and antagonisms witnessed in modern states. Thus, this research is key in getting a betterphilosophical understanding of these wider issues.