Interaction of bacteria with cellular and hard surfaces

牙龈炎、牙周炎、龋齿等口腔疾病是口腔的感染性疾病，其中口腔生物膜起着致病作用。虽然牙膏或漱口水中可以加入牙龈护理和抗菌技术，以改善消费者的健康和福祉，但很少有技术可以通过物理手段防止细菌的粘附，从而阻止最初的生物膜，减缓细菌的定植。个人护理和家庭护理产品的卫生是消费者的重要利益，也是控制传染病在家庭环境中传播的关键。测量这些生态位中微生物控制、杀灭效果和存活率的方法是必不可少的工具。Curran和Patterson已经成功地使用焦散来跟踪和描述小至3纳米的合成纳米颗粒和金属纳米颗粒在一系列生物相关溶液中在不同生理相关温度条件和纳米颗粒浓度下的运动（Patterson和Whelan 2008，Coglitore 2017和Giorgi 2019）。目的：该项目的目的是使用苛性方法转化无标签跟踪技术，以支持临床前体外测试系统的开发，该系统可以表征和量化细菌的粘附性，并评估抗微生物药物的有效性。还将有机会使用该技术来检查抗菌剂和新型涂层对硬表面和洗衣处理的影响，并验证该技术对噬菌体（已被证明可以通过腐蚀剂可见）、病毒和细菌孢子的影响。该提案及其基础科学与BBSRC的研究重点——变革性技术、生物科学，以综合理解健康和对抗抗菌素耐药性——保持一致，而由此产生的实验模型将与3r——替代、改进和减少使用动物的研究——保持一致。细菌是单细胞的原核生物，无处不在，对维持我们生活的环境至关重要，并且可以导致生物膜的形成，而生物膜是许多传染病的原因。细菌要么通过提供运动性的结构，要么通过随机的布朗运动（由周围流体中的静电和范德华相互作用控制）被运送到表面。在表面上，细菌的粘附启动了生物膜的形成，生物膜是一种结构化的、自组织的细菌及其细胞外聚合物（EPS）群落。这些生态系统可以生长在任何暴露于外部环境的合成或生物表面/界面上，如牙齿表面、皮肤、厨房台面和浴室表面。具体来说，口腔生物膜是导致一些最广泛感染的原因——龋齿、牙龈炎和牙周炎，因为牙齿、假牙和牙种植体的表面对生物膜的形成非常敏感。严重的情况下，这些疾病可导致更严重的健康并发症，如骨质流失或种植失败。开发实时无标签的低成本跟踪技术，可以表征和量化合成和生物微纳米实体的扩散及其粘附和/或感染表面的能力，这是开发下一代抗微生物疗法和表面的关键工具。这些技术将允许对溶液和表面接触点的抗菌效率进行调查。一些研究已经尝试使用单粒子跟踪技术来跟踪细菌动力学，如荧光显微镜，这是迄今为止最常见的单粒子跟踪技术。这种方法需要在被跟踪的颗粒或生物体上附加荧光标签。荧光标签暴露在激发光下会使标签分解，导致光漂白和光毒性，

Oral diseases, such as gingivitis, periodontitis and caries are infectious diseases of the oral cavity in which oral biofilms play a causative role. Although, gum care and anti-bacterial technologies can be incorporated in toothpaste or mouthwash to improve the health and well-being of consumers, there are few technologies that work by preventing the adhesion of bacteria by physical means and thereby blocking initial biofilms and slow bacterial colonisation. Hygiene from personal care and home care products is a vital consumer benefit and is key to control transmission of communicable diseases in a home setting. Methods to measure microbial control, kill efficacy and survival in these niches are essential tools.Caustics has successfully been used by Curran and Patterson to track and characterise the movement of synthetic and metallic nanoparticles as small as 3nm in an array of biologically relevant solutions under varying physiologically relevant temperature conditions and nanoparticle concentrations (Patterson and Whelan 2008,Coglitore 2017 and Giorgi 2019). OBJECTIVES:The aim of this project is to use caustic methodology to translate label-free tracking technology to support the development of pre-clinical in vitro testing systems that can characterise and quantify the adherence of bacteria and assess the effectiveness of anti-microbials. There will also be opportunity to use the technology to examine the effect of antimicrobials and novel coatings on hard surfaces and laundry treatments and to validate the technique against phages (proven to be visible via caustics), viruses and bacterial spores. The proposal , and underlying science align with the BBSRC research priorities of transformative technologies, bioscience for an integrated understanding of health and combatting antimicrobial resistance, whilst the resultant experimental models will align with 3Rs, replacement, refinement and reduction in research using animals. Bacteria are single-cell, prokaryotic, ubiquitous organisms that are both vital for maintaining the environment in which we live and can lead to the formation of biofilm which is the cause of many infectious diseases. Bacteria are transported to a surface either by structures that provide motility or by random, Brownian motion, governed by electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions in the surrounding fluid. At a surface, adhesion of a bacterium initiates the formation of a biofilm - a structured, self-organised community of bacteria and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These ecosystems can grow on any synthetic or biological surface/interface exposed to external environments such as the surface of teeth, skin, kitchen countertops and bathroom surfaces. Specifically, oral biofilms are responsible for some of the most widespread infections - caries, gingivitis and periodontitis [1], as the surfaces of teeth, dentures and dental implants are highly susceptible to biofilm formation. Severe cases of these diseases can lead to more serious health complications such as bone loss or implant failure.Developing real time label free cost-effective tracking technologies that can characterise and quantify the diffusion of synthetic and biological micro and nano-entities and their ability to adhere and/or infect a surface is a key tool in developing the next generation of anti-microbial therapies and surfaces. These technologies will allow investigations into anti-microbial efficiency both in solution and at the point of contact on a surface. Several studies have attempted to track bacterial dynamics using single particle tacking techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, which is by far the most common single particle tracking technique. This approach requires a fluorescent label to be attached to the particle or organism being tracked. The exposure of the fluorescent label to the excitation light can cause the label to break down leading to photobleaching and phototoxicity,