The Evolution of a Singing Teacher: The Life and Pedagogy of Carlo Bassini (c1815-1870)

20世纪声乐教育学向科学驱动的声音研究和实践方法的转变，在很大程度上是由Vennard和Appelman等美国歌唱教师领导的(Hoch，2018)。美国的这种发展在一定程度上是建立在移民的基础上的，移民导致了不同的欧洲民族声乐教学风格的传播(Miller，1977；Freed，2000)。这种关于歌唱的生理学思想起源于19世纪中后期，现代研究者通常从弗雷德里克·鲁特(Frederick Root，1873)(Grogan，2010)开始对美国声乐教育学文本的历史概述。然而，这忽略了鲁特在纽约的声乐老师：卡洛·巴西尼(C1815-1870)。巴西尼是一位多产的作家和成功的歌唱教师，他于1857年在美国出版了第一本主要的欧式歌唱声乐教学方法书，专门面向美国观众，随后在十年内又出版了五本书，但他对美国声乐教学的影响仍未被挖掘。巴西尼的研究很少(莱尔，1995；奥斯汀，2010；考克斯2021)。他以巡回小提琴家的身份开始了他的职业生涯，最终成为纽约最重要的歌唱教师和作家之一。巴西尼的教学生涯是由他的政治和个人环境驱动的。他在欧洲和美洲的广泛旅行使他有机会获得广泛的教学理论。巴西尼于19世纪20年代在那不勒斯以意大利风格学习，但他的著作表明他致力于19世纪中期基于生理学的嗓音训练方法，弥合了18世纪末以经验为基础的教学和19世纪中期科学实践之间的历史和理论鸿沟。在我的博士学位(2021年9月开始)中，我将探索巴西尼的生活和旅行对他教学的影响，并全面考察他从最早发表的文章(1853年)到他的最后一本书(1869年)的教学哲学发展，调查他对美国歌唱教学的影响。为了了解他在教学实践中是如何做到这一点的，我将用我自己的声音测试他的高级练习，并为初学者设计一个测试方案来测试他的系统的早期阶段，阐明历史上对歌手的早期培训，并为培养初学者声音的现代教学实践做出贡献。研究问题：卡洛·巴西尼在多大程度上可以被认为是美国声乐教育学传统的奠基人？a)卡洛·巴西尼的生平和六本声乐教学方法书如何说明美国早期的声乐教学有别于进口的欧洲方法？b)对巴西尼的文章(1853-1857)和书籍(1857-1869)的分析可以告诉我们关于他的教学哲学和方法论的基础和发展？c)巴西尼的教学方法在多大程度上可以应用于现代教学实践？时间表(按年)：1)文献综述、历史和传记研究(正在进行中)。实用的高级练习自动探索。2)建立按主题和结构组织的习题数据库。图书的主题分析。3)教育学分析。建立案例研究。4)接受研究。案例研究。5)完成并提交。

The twentieth-century shift in vocal pedagogy towards a scientifically driven approach to voice research and practice was, in large part, led by American singing teachers such as Vennard and Appelman (Hoch, 2018). This development in the U.S. is partially founded upon immigration, which caused the dissemination of diverse European national styles of vocal teaching (Miller, 1977; Freed, 2000). Such physiological thinking about singing has its origins in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century, and modern researchers generally begin historical overviews of American vocal pedagogy texts with that of Frederick Root (1873) (Grogan, 2010). However, this ignores Root's voice teacher in New York: Carlo Bassini (c1815-1870). Bassini was a prolific writer and successful singing teacher, who in 1857 published the first major European-style singing voice pedagogy method book in the United States specifically for an American audience, followed by five further volumes over ten years, yet his impact on American voice teaching remains unexplored.Studies of Bassini are rare (Lyle, 1995; Austin, 2010; Cox 2021). He began his career as an itinerant violinist and finished as one of the foremost singing teachers and writers in New York. Bassini's teaching career was driven by his circumstances, both political and personal. His extensive travels in Europe and the Americas gave him the opportunity to acquire a broad range of pedagogical theory. Bassini studied in Naples in the 1820s in the Italian style, yet his books show a commitment to mid-nineteenth-century physiologically based methodologies of voice training, bridging the historical and theoretical gap between the experience-based teaching of the late 1700s, and mid-nineteenth-century scientificpractices.In my PhD (started September 2021) I will explore the impact of Bassini's life and travels on his teaching, and produce a comprehensive examination of the development of his pedagogical philosophy from his earliest published articles (1853) to his final book (1869), investigating his influence on American singing teaching. To understand how he approached this in his teaching practice, I will trial his advanced exercises in my own voice and design a test protocol for beginners to trial the early stages of his system, illuminating the historical early-stage training of singers and contributing to modern teaching practice for developing beginner voices. Research Questions:To what extent might Carlo Bassini be considered the founder of the American tradition of vocal pedagogy?a) How can Carlo Bassini's life and six vocal pedagogy method books illuminate the earliest period of specifically American voice teaching as distinct from imported European methods?b) What can an analysis of Bassini's articles (1853-1857) and books (1857-1869) tell us about the basis and development of his pedagogical philosophy and methodology?c) To what extent can Bassini's teaching methods be found to apply in a modern teaching practice?Timeline (by year):1) Literature review, historical and biographical research (in progress). Practical auto-exploration of advanced exercises. 2) Creation of database of exercises organised thematically and structurally. Thematic analysis of books.3) Pedagogical analysis. Set up case studies.4) Reception study. Case-study.5) Completion and submission.