'Sisters in Art': The Pre-Raphaelite Women's Network

友谊对拉斐尔前派女性艺术家和作家有多重要？这些联系是如何在他们的工作中发挥塑造作用的？我的论文是第一个研究友谊之间的拉斐尔前派女性艺术家和作家的影响，以及他们如何利用他们的友谊来挑战维多利亚艺术世界的男性结构。我集中在六个前拉斐尔派的妇女：安娜霍伊特，丽贝卡所罗门，路易丝乔普林，伊丽莎白西达尔，贝西帕克斯和凯特邦斯。这项研究将解构在学术分析中占主导地位的批判意识形态，深入探讨这些女性和她们的作品，她们所建立的友谊以及她们与前拉斐尔兄弟会不同的创作机构。尽管自1848年首次展览以来，女性前拉斐尔精英的宣传越来越多，但与兄弟会相比，女性前拉斐尔精英明显被边缘化（Yeates &特罗布里奇，2017：1）。约翰·罗斯金批评霍伊特建议她“别去管有争议的话题”（坎贝尔，1995：40）。这随后导致豪伊特和其他女性艺术家，摧毁了他们的一些作品。尽管这些妇女经历了耻辱，但她们的工作脱离了以男性为中心的机构所定义的女性理想。Marsh（1985）创造了“Sisterhood”一词，作为识别这些女性的一种方式，而不仅仅是兄弟会的“muses”，而且是艺术家。然而，这些妇女不应该被集体定义为“姐妹情谊”，这是一个贬低她们个人成就的术语。她们用拉斐尔前派的艺术来确立自己作为专业艺术家和作家的地位，形成了自己的创作友谊，这是迄今为止所不知道的。研究有三个问题：-在将这些妇女确定为独立于兄弟会的艺术家和作家时，“姐妹情谊”一词暗示了什么价值观？这些价值观如何塑造了我们的理解？女性的合作努力以何种方式挑战了维多利亚艺术和文学界的男性结构？前拉斐尔派女性的人际关系网是如何在她们的作品中发挥塑造作用的？我的目标是建立妇女如何形成他们的友谊，以及他们如何在更广泛的维多利亚文化中为妇女的解放做出贡献。我将通过民族志，档案和历史研究探索每个女人的生活和作品在他们的环境，并继续使他们和他们的同龄人之间的联系。我将对她们的作品进行密切的视觉和文学分析，探索她们如何挑战女性所承受的系统性偏见。我将继续传播我的研究成果到讲座和会议，并旨在组织一个当代前拉斐尔派妇女的网络与前拉斐尔派社会和维多利亚研究的英国协会合作。我的指示性时间轴：第一年：-审查和分析相关文献。-档案馆的实地考察：格顿学院，瓦茨画廊和格莱斯顿图书馆。开始历史传记研究。第一章：介绍拉斐尔前派的女性。开始第2章：“新兴的女权主义”：政治网络和社会活动第2年：-进一步的档案实地考察。开始Ch 3：创造性和家庭空间：家庭和工作室的实习-通过为PRS和BAVS做演讲传播研究-共同编辑PRS妇女问题。

How significant were friendships to Pre-Raphaelite women artists and writers? How did these connections play a formative role in their work? My thesis is the first to examine the impact of friendships amongst Pre-Raphaelite women artists and writers and how they used their friendships to challenge the masculine structures of the Victorian art world. I focus on six Pre-Raphaelite women: Anna Howitt, Rebecca Solomon, Louise Jopling, Elizabeth Siddal, Bessie Parkes and Kate Bunce. This research will deconstruct the critical ideologies that have predominated in academic analyses by exploring these women and their works in depth, the friendships they formed and their creative agency, distinct from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.Despite growing publicity following their first exhibition in 1848, the female Pre-Raphaelites were significantly marginalised in comparison to the Brotherhood (Yeates & Trowbridge, 2017:1). John Ruskin criticised Howitt advising her to 'leave contentious subjects alone' (Campbell, 1995:40). This subsequently led Howitt and other female artists, to destroy some of their works. Notwithstanding the stigmas these women experienced, their work broke away from the feminine ideal defined by male-centric institutions. Marsh (1985) coined the term 'Sisterhood' as a way of identifying these women as more than the Brotherhood's 'muses', and rightfully as artists. However, these women should not be collectively defined as a 'Sisterhood', a term that relegates their individual achievements. They used Pre-Raphaelitism to establish themselves as professional artists and writers, forming their own creative friendships that have hitherto been unknown.There are three research questions:- What values are implicated in the term 'Sisterhood' in identifying these women as artists and writers separate to the Brotherhood? How have these values shaped our understanding?- In what ways did the women's collaborative efforts challenge the masculine structures of the Victorian art and literary community?- How did the female Pre-Raphaelites' networking relationships play a formative role in their work?I aim to establish how the women formed their friendships and how they contributed to the enfranchisement of women in wider Victorian culture. I will explore each woman's life and works in their milieu through ethnographical, archival and historical research, and continue making connections between them and their peers. I will apply close visual and literary analysis to their works, exploring how they challenge the systematic prejudice endured by women. I will continue disseminating my findings into lectures and conferences, and aim to organise a contemporary Pre-Raphaelite women's network in collaboration with the Pre-Raphaelite Society and the British Association of Victorian Studies.My indicative timeline:Year 1:- Reviewed and analysed relevant literature.- Fieldwork in archives: Girton College, Watts' Gallery and Gladstone's libraries.- Begun Historical biographical research.- Begun Ch1: Introducing Pre-Raphaelite women.- Begin Ch2: 'The Emergent Feminism': Political networking and social activismYear 2:- Further archival fieldwork.- Begin Ch3: The Creative and Domestic space: Friendships in the Home and Studio- Disseminate research via presentation for PRS and BAVS- Co-editing PRS Women's issue.Year 3:- Begin Ch4: Revisiting the Sisterhood in relation to the PRB- Complete draft thesis including introduction and conclusion- Liaise with PRS regarding women's network