Smoking and Panic Vulnerability

描述（由申请人提供）：虽然吸烟仍然是美国死亡和残疾的主要原因，解决吸烟者中与焦虑相关的个体差异变量的数据非常有限，所述个体差异变量可能与发展惊恐障碍和维持吸烟行为的风险增加有关。缺乏这些信息严重阻碍了识别对恐慌相关问题易感性增加的吸烟者的努力，并阻碍了未来制定专门的预防计划，这些计划可以有意义地解决他们的独特需求。目前修订的R03建议应该有助于开始填补这些重要的空白，在文献中通过检查焦虑敏感性可能缓和的程度（1）吸烟水平和对身体感觉的恐惧反应之间的关系，（2）负面情绪减少预期和吸烟水平之间的关系。我们将使用CO2挑战程序检查110名目前吸烟的非临床个体（每天5至40支或更多支香烟，总样本的平均吸烟水平为每天20支香烟）。受试者将完成诊断性访谈，以排除精神病理学（不包括尼古丁依赖）、过期一氧化碳（CO）和阿可替宁分析以及一组评估心理和吸烟特征的自我报告指标。休息15分钟后，他们将抽一支标准香烟（等同于尼古丁戒断），然后他们将完成CO2挑战。会议将持续约2.5小时。该项目的结果将提供关键的知识和必要的信息，以协助未来的努力，制定专门针对吸烟和焦虑敏感性的可塑性风险因素的恐慌症的专门预防计划。因此，本建议具有创新性，因为它旨在积累关于一个独特的高危人群的经验知识，目前没有或正在制定专门的预防办法来满足他们的具体需要。这项研究也将独特地有助于我们对焦虑精神病理学和物质使用障碍的共病性的理论理解，并有助于更好地理解吸烟对消极情绪反应的影响的调节模型。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Although smoking remains the leading cause of death and disability in the U.S., data addressing anxiety-related individual difference variables among smokers that may relate to increased risk for developing panic disorder and the maintenance of smoking behavior are highly limited. The absence of such information seriously hinders efforts to identify smokers with increased susceptibility to panic-related problems and stymies the future development of specialized prevention programs that can meaningfully address their unique needs. The present revised R03 proposal should help begin to fill these important gaps in the literature by examining the extent to which anxiety sensitivity may moderate (1) the relation between level of smoking and fear responding to bodily sensations and (2) the relation between negative affect reduction expectancies and level of smoking. We will examine 110 nonclinical individuals who are current smokers (between 5 and 40 or more cigarettes per day, with the average smoking level for the total sample being 20 cigarettes per day) using a CO2 challenge procedure. Subjects will complete a diagnostic interview to rule out psychopathology (excluding nicotine dependence), expired Carbon Monoxide (CO) and salvia cotinine analyses as well as a set of self-report measures assessing psychological and smoking characteristics. After a 15-minute break during which they will then smoke a standardized cigarette (to equate nicotine withdrawal), they will complete the CO2 challenge. The session will last approximately 2.5 hours. The results of this project will provide the critical knowledge and requisite information to assist in future efforts to develop specialized prevention programs for panic disorder that specifically target the malleable risk factors of cigarette smoking and anxiety sensitivity. Thus, the present proposal is innovative in the sense that it is aimed at developing empirical knowledge about a unique group of high-risk individuals, for whom no specialized prevention approach to address their specific needs currently exists or is in development. This research also will uniquely contribute to our theoretical understanding of the co-morbidity of anxiety psychopathology and substance use disorders generally and aid in better understanding moderator models of smoking's effects on negative emotional responding specifically.