Understanding climate change-related increases in dissolved Mn, Fe, OM in drinking water systems: identifying future risks and facilitating fit-for-pu

苏格兰和世界各地的许多饮用水源都在经历溶解的Mn，Fe，OM浓度的季节性波动。在夏季和秋季的长时间内，溶解锰浓度现已接近世卫组织的指导值400 g L-1，高于该值可能会对人类健康产生潜在的负面影响。溶解的铁浓度通常较高，尽管饮用水中的铁没有类似的健康限制，但>200 g L-1的浓度会损害味道，导致衣物染色，并导致饮用水分配系统中的涂层/沉淀物。有证据表明，溶解浓度的增加与气候变化有关，特别是干旱期延长的频率增加，其间穿插着风暴事件加剧。事实上，在2021年，许多英国饮用水水库水位处于160年来的最低水平。现在迫切需要供水商投资于适合目的的水管理系统;例如，源水曝气、充氧和人工去分层，特定的原水处理工艺，例如臭氧化、化学接触器和/或分配系统的冲洗。这种缓解措施是昂贵的，最近的研究表明，它们在处理富含有机物的沃茨和将Mn/Fe浓度保持在影响配水系统的水平以下方面是低效的。

Many drinking water sources in Scotland and worldwide are experiencing seasonal fluctuations in dissolved Mn, Fe, OM concentrations. Over prolonged periods during summer and autumn, dissolved Mn concentrations are now approaching the WHO guideline value of 400 g L-1, above which there may be potential negative human health impacts. Dissolved Fe concentrations are typically higher and, although there is no similar health-based limit for Fe in drinking water, concentrations of >200 g L-1 can impair taste, cause staining of laundry and result in coatings/precipitates within drinking water distribution systems. Evidence suggests that the increasing dissolved concentrations are linked to climate change, specifically the increased frequency of extended dry periods interspersed by intensified storm events. Indeed, in 2021, many UK drinking water reservoir levels were at their lowest for ~160 years. There is now an urgent need for water providers to invest in fit-for-purpose water management systems; e.g. source water aeration, oxygenation and artificial destratification, specific raw water treatment processes, e.g. ozonation, chemical contactors, and/or flushing of distribution systems. Such mitigation measures are expensive and recent studies indicate that they are inefficient in treating organic-rich waters and in maintaining Mn/Fe concentrations below the levels which impact on the water distribution systems.