HOW IS FOREIGN AID ADDRESSING EDUCATION AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, ABUSE AND HARASSMENT (SEAH) AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN THIS PAN

在这个大流行病时代，外援如何解决撒哈拉以南非洲对妇女和女孩的教育和性剥削、性虐待和骚扰问题？来自尼日利亚的新证据在2019冠状病毒病大流行时期，外国援助在多大程度上帮助尼日利亚抗击针对妇女和女孩的SEAH ？在疫情前和疫情期间，外援对针对妇女和女童的SEAH的影响是否存在差异？在2019冠状病毒病大流行时代，文化习俗以何种方式促进/容忍性虐待，导致尼日利亚妇女丧失权能？在尼日利亚，受教育的机会是否减少了女孩遭受性虐待的可能性？以及赋予妇女权力在尼日利亚与SEAH的斗争中是否适得其反？在奈及利亚，当地处理性侵问题的方法是什么？研究背景和理由自2020年疫情爆发以来，世界各地关于2019冠状病毒病大流行期间针对妇女和女孩的暴力和性虐待的报告一直在上升。根据《联合国妇女署（2020年）》，全世界有三分之一的妇女遭受过身体暴力或性暴力，主要是由亲密伴侣实施的，这种情况由于大流行而恶化。包括联合国（2021年）、经合组织（2021年）和联合国妇女署（2020年）在内的许多报告都认为，在13个国家，几乎一半的妇女报告说，她们或她们认识的妇女在疫情期间开始遭受基于性别的暴力。因此，这些报告表明，自2019冠状病毒病大流行爆发以来，针对妇女和女孩的所有类型的暴力和性虐待都有所加剧。这是如此糟糕，以至于该行为现在被贴上了“影子大流行病”或“被忽视的大流行病”的标签。Yenilmez（2020）等作者以及联合国《冲突中的性暴力》（2020）、联合国人口基金（2020）和联合国妇女署（2020）的报告都认为，为遏制Covid-19的上升而采取的限制措施助长了所有类型的性别暴力的上升，这进一步给医疗机构带来了更大的压力。这就引出了一个问题，即2019冠状病毒病大流行如何改变为结束SEAH而部署的战略的有效性，这为重新评估2016年开始的双边官方发展援助的有效性提供了机会，该援助旨在结束根据官方发展援助报告部门目的代码15180规定的针对妇女和女孩的SEAH。然而，文献中尚未探讨这种财政援助在多大程度上有助于减少SEAH，特别是在Covid-19时代。虽然官方发展援助在撒哈拉以南非洲的作用一直是一个有争议的话题，但受援国继续告诫说，这是一个可行的资金来源，可以解决它们没有必要资源来解决的问题。尽管如此,继续依赖ODA尤其是在对抗SEAH可能不是最好的,因为没有保证连续流动因此,需要当地的解决方案,这也是需要解决的目标的一部分在这个proposalDespite存在大量文献性虐待对世界各地的妇女和女孩,只有少数研究论文处理Covid-19大流行如何影响对抗它。由于在封锁期间难以获得数据，加上目前没有人口和健康调查数据，因此所做的许多论文都是基于文献的。因此，本研究可能是第一个试图通过纳入官方发展援助对结束撒哈拉以南非洲SEAH的有效性来进一步扩大这一主题的研究

HOW IS FOREIGN AID ADDRESSING EDUCATION AND SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, ABUSE AND HARASSMENT (SEAH) AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IN THIS PANDEMIC ERA? New Evidence from NigeriaRESEARCH QUESTIONS1. To what extent is foreign aid helping to combat SEAH against women and girls in Nigeria in the Covid-19 pandemic era? And are there differences in the impact of foreign aid on SEAH Against Women and Girls before and during the pandemic?2. In what ways are cultural practices promoting/tolerating sexual abuse, leading to the disempowerment of women in Nigeria in the Covid-19 Pandemic era?3. Does access to education reduce the likelihood of girls getting sexually abused in Nigeria? And Is the empowerment of women counterproductive in the fight against SEAH in Nigeria?4. What are the local solutions for dealing with the problem of sexual abuse in Nigeria?BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDYReports of violence and sexual abuse against women and girls around the world during the Covid-19 pandemic has been on the rise since the outbreak in 2020. According to UNWomen (2020), one in three women worldwide experience physical or sexual violence mostly by an intimate partner, and this has worsened due to the pandemic. Many reports including United Nations (2021), OECD (2021), and UNwomen (2020) maintain that almost half of all women reported that they or a woman they know began to experience gender-based violence during the pandemic across 13 countries. Thus, these reports have shown that all types of violence and sexual abuse against women and girls have intensified since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. It is so bad that the act has now been tagged as the shadow pandemic or the neglected pandemic UNWomen (2020).Authors such as Yenilmez (2020), and reports from UN|Sexual Violence in Conflict, (2020) UNFPA, (2020), and UNWomen (2020) maintain that restrictions being placed to curtail the rise of Covid-19 is aiding the rise of all types of gender-based violence, and these further mounts more pressure on medical facilities. This begs the question of how the Covid-19 pandemic is changing the effectiveness of strategies deployed to end SEAH which presents an opportunity to reassess the effectiveness of the bilateral official development assistance which began in 2016, towards ending SEAH Against Women and Girls captured under the ODA reporting sector purpose code 15180. However, the extent to which this financial assistance has helped to reduce SEAH has not been explored in literature, especially in this Covid-19 era. Although the role of ODA in Sub-Saharan Africa has been a controversial topic, the recipients have continued to admonish it as a viable source of funds to solve problems that they would not have had the required resources to combat. Nonetheless, continued reliance on ODA especially in the fight against SEAH may not be the best as there is no guarantee of continuous flow thus, there is a need for local solutions as well, which is also a part of the objectives to be addressed in this proposalDespite there being a plethora of literature on sexual abuse against women and girls around the world, only a few research papers have addressed how the Covid-19 pandemic is affecting the fight against it. Many papers done are literature-based due to the difficulty of obtaining data during the lockdown, coupled with the fact that there is no current data on demographic and health surveys. Thus, this present research may be the first research to attempt to expand this topic further by incorporating the effectiveness of ODA towards ending SEAH in Sub-Saharan Africa