Injury-Evoked Regeneration Mechanism in Olfactory System

描述（由申请人提供）：外周嗅神经上皮能够在损伤后再生;然而，启动导致细胞增殖和神经发生增加的复杂级联反应的信号知之甚少。我们将研究ATP作为一个重要的局部营养因子在损伤诱发的嗅神经元再生。我们推测，有毒的侮辱嗅上皮触发细胞外ATP诱导的信号级联反应，启动再生的神经上皮。我们基于以下观察结果提出这一假说：（1）细胞损伤、溶解以及调节过程将释放ATP到细胞外环境中;（2）嘌呤能受体的激活诱导CNS中神经营养因子的合成和/或释放、有丝分裂和分化。因此，急性损伤细胞释放的ATP可以刺激局部再生，由于嘌呤能受体激活的促有丝分裂和促生长作用。生长促进可以由位于支持细胞和基底干细胞上的G蛋白偶联的嘌呤能受体介导，其与其他生长因子受体一样，诱导触发细胞增殖的细胞内事件级联。我们的具体目标是（1）确定是否有害和生理刺激引起释放ATP的OE。我们将确定毒理学和生理刺激，释放途径和来源的ATP使用生物发光测定和共聚焦显微镜。(2)确定细胞外ATP和嘌呤能受体激活是否促进神经营养因子的释放。我们将使用电生理学、共聚焦显微镜和免疫细胞化学来测量ATP诱导的膜电容增加，作为胞吐、ATP囊泡释放和神经营养因子释放的指示。(3)确定细胞外ATP和嘌呤能受体的激活是否促进增殖。我们将确定ATP是否足以启动增殖或协同作用，以启动未受伤的嗅上皮细胞的增殖，和/或促进损伤诱发的增殖，使用免疫组织化学和体外和体内测定。该数据将清楚地对增殖的药理学调节具有影响。改变嘌呤能药物和嘌呤能受体作用的药物很容易获得，并且可以在治疗上调节嗅觉系统和中枢神经系统中的细胞增殖和分化。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The peripheral olfactory neuroepithelium is able to regenerate after injury; however the signals that initiate the complex cascade leading to increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis are poorly understood. We will examine ATP as an important local trophic factor in injury-evoked olfactory neuron regeneration. We hypothesize that noxious insult to the olfactory epithelium triggers an extracellular ATP-induced signaling cascade that initiates regeneration of the neuroepithelium. We base this hypothesis on the observation that (1) cell damage, iysis and also regulated processes will release ATP into the extracellular milieu and (2) activation of purinergic receptors induces synthesis and/or release of neurotrophic factors, mitogenesis, and differentiation in the CNS. Thus, ATP released by acutely injured cells could stimulate localized regeneration due to the mitogenic and growth-promoting effects of purinergic receptor activation. Growth promotion can be mediated by G protein coupled purinergic receptors located on sustentacular support cells and basal stem cells, which, like other growth factor receptors, induce a cascade of intracellular events that trigger cell proliferation. Our specific aims are to (1) Determine if noxious and physiological stimuli evoke release of ATP in the OE. We will identify toxicological and physiological stimuli, pathways of release and sources of ATP using bioluminescence assays and confocal microscopy. (2) Determine if extracellular ATP and purinergic receptor activation elicits the release of neurotrophic factors. We will measure ATP-induced increases in membrane capacitance as an indication of exocytosis, vesicular release of ATP, and release of neurotrophic factors using electrophysiology, confocal microscopy and immunocytochemistry. (3) Determine if extracellular ATP and activation of purinergic receptors elicits proliferation. We will determine if ATP is sufficient to initiate proliferation or acts synergistically to initiate proliferation in the uninjured olfactory epithelium, and/or promotes injury-evoked proliferation using immunohistochemistry and in vitro and in vivo assays. This data will clearly have implications for the pharmacological modulation of proliferation. Agents that modify the effects of purinergics and purinergic receptors are readily available and could therapeutically modulate cell proliferation and differentiation, in the olfactory system and in the CNS.