Combinations of genetic and environmental risk for externalization in adolescence

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管在青少年时期的各种社会和生物学前兆与危险、非法或精神病理学行为之间已经建立了可靠的关联，但这些因素如何联合收割机的流行病学和病因学细节仍有待详细了解。目前有几个非常详细的数据集，包括多个群体，文化和种族。我们建议利用四个现有数据集的独特和未开发的潜力：澳大利亚双胞胎登记处，弗吉尼亚州30，000，添加健康和非共享环境和青少年发展项目。虽然这些数据集都包含与解释青春期发育中断有关的变量，但它们的收集重点不同，从社会和心理到生物和遗传。当前应用程序的中心主题是家庭数据，包括父母和子女，兄弟姐妹和双胞胎之间的生物和社会关系，为青少年发展中联合收割机结合的生物和社会因素的复杂相互作用提供了一个独特的窗口。该应用程序描述了一个综合的研究计划，结合了行为遗传学，发展精神病理学和家庭社会发展的核心研究小组的方法和实质性专业知识。在整个过程中，我们的目标是通过使用遗传信息的家庭数据来扩展青春期发展社会科学的局限性，同时通过超越传统的方差划分方法来扩展发展行为遗传学的范围，将遗传信息的方法应用于复杂发展系统中因果关系的特定问题的测试。公共卫生相关性：众所周知，家庭功能和社区等社会环境的许多方面都与青春期的破坏行为有关。此外，有大量明确的证据表明儿童的生物学特征与破坏行为之间存在关联。然而，与青春期问题行为有关的社会和生物学关联至少有两种原因，能够区分它们是至关重要的。一方面，可能是社会或生物预测因素实际上导致了行为的中断;另一方面，也可能是由于其他因素，预测因素与结果有关。例如，如果贫困家庭对孩子的监督较少，而贫困也会导致孩子更有可能采取行动，那么即使没有直接导致行动，也会将较低的监督与行动联系起来。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Although reliable associations have been established among a wide variety of social and biological precursors and risky, illegal, or psychopathological behavior in adolescence, the epidemiological and etiological details of how these factors combine remain to be understood in detail. Several extraordinarily detailed datasets are currently available, encompassing multiple cohorts, cultures and ethnicities. We propose to make use of unique and untapped potential in four existing datasets: The Australian Twin Registry, The Virginia 30,000, Add Health, and the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project. Although the datasets all contain variables relevant to the explanation of disrupted development in adolescence, they have been collected with different emphases, ranging from the social and psychological to biological and genetic. The central theme of the current application is that family data, encompassing biological and social relations among parents and children, siblings, and twins, provides a unique window on the complex interplay of biological and social factors that combine in adolescent development. The application describes an integrated program of research combining the methodological and substantive expertise of a core group of investigators in behavioral genetics, developmental psychopathology, and social development in families. Throughout, our goal is to extend the limits of developmental social science in adolescence by employing genetically informative family data, while extending the scope of developmental behavioral genetics by getting beyond traditional variance partitioning approaches, applying genetically informative methods to the testing of specific questions about causal relations in complex developmental systems. Public Health Relevance: It is well-known that many aspects of family functioning and social environments like neighborhoods are associated with disrupted behavior in adolescence. In addition, there is a clear body of evidence demonstrating associations between biological characteristics of children and disrupted behavior. Both social and biological associations with problem behaviors in adolescence, however, can occur for at least two kinds of reasons, and it is crucial to be able to tell them apart. On the one hand it may be that the social or biological predictors actually cause the disrupted behavior; on the other hand, it could also turn out that the predictors are associated with the outcomes because of other factors. For example, if impoverished families provide less supervision to their children, and poverty also causes the children to be more likely to act out, lower supervision will be associated with acting out even though it does not cause it directly.