Adolescents' Exposure to Family and Community Violence

本研究的目的是确定机制，解释为什么一些青少年的票价比其他人更差，在应对家庭和社区暴力。该研究假设，暴力暴露侵蚀家庭过程和青少年的日常经验，这些近端变量解释了青少年功能受损。该研究通过家庭和同伴互动的行为样本以及14天的日常日记数据，提供了对家庭过程和日常经历的深入见解。该研究还假设，暴力暴露导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴（通过皮质醇测量）的生物应激失调，并且暴力暴露的青少年在应对消极的家庭互动时会激活HPA。这项研究扩展了一项正在进行的调查，涉及三个以前的评估婚姻暴力，亲子攻击，社区暴力在一个种族多样化的样本双亲家庭与一个孩子的年龄9或10岁时，研究开始。拟议的项目增加了对这些暴露变量的三项评估，并将研究从青春期前扩展到青春期后期。六波数据收集允许 研究随着时间的推移产生的连锁效应，消极的家庭过程、青少年的日常经历和青少年的调整所产生的反馈循环以双向方式助长了暴力的可能性。通过对家庭和社区暴力进行反复、详细的评估，可以检验多种类型的暴力、较早年龄的暴力和更持久的暴力是否会造成更普遍和有害的后果。之所以以青少年为目标，是因为必须了解与暴力接触有关的风险如何与此时的正常挑战相吻合，而且因为青少年成功应对教育、社会和健康领域的能力对他们随后作为年轻成年人的身体和心理调整非常重要。该研究有多个 报告者（青少年，母亲，父亲，同龄人），使用多种类型的数据收集，并测量多种发展结果（行为和心理功能;对他人的攻击;学业成绩;和高风险，损害健康的行为）。通过偏最小二乘潜变量分析估计的增长曲线模型，我们研究了暴力暴露影响青少年结果的多种途径。对最近的、可修改的变量的关注最终可以被用来 为针对遭受暴力的青少年的干预和预防方案提供信息。

The objective of this study is to identify mechanisms that explain why some adolescents fare worse than others in response to family and community violence. The study hypothesizes that violence exposure erodes family processes and adolescents' daily experiences, and that these proximal variables account for compromised adolescent functioning. The study provides in-depth perspectives of family processes and ongoing daily experiences through behavioral samples of family and peer interactions, and through 14 days of daily diary data. The study also hypothesizes that violence exposure leads to dysregulated biological stress of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (measured through cortisol), and that violence-exposed youth are primed for HPA activation in response to negative family interactions. This study extends an ongoing investigation involving three previous assessments of marital violence, parent-child aggression, and community violence in an ethnically diverse sample of two-parent families with a child age 9 or 10 when the study began. The proposed project adds three more assessments of these exposure variables, and extends the study from pre-adolescence through late adolescence. Six waves of data collection allow for the study of cascading effects across time, with feedback loops from negative family processes, adolescent daily experiences and adolescent adjustment contributing in a bi-directional fashion to the likelihood of violence. Repeating, detailed assessments of family and community violence allow for testing whether multiple types of violence, violence at an earlier age, and more persistent violence contribute to more pervasive and deleterious outcomes. Adolescence is targeted because of the importance of understanding how the risks associated with violence exposure coincide with the normal challenges at this time, and because adolescents' abilities to successfully negotiate educational, social, and health domains are highly salient to their subsequent physical and psychological adjustment as young adults. The study has multiple reporters (adolescent, mother, father, peer), uses multiples types of data collection, and measures multiple developmental outcomes (behavioral and psychological functioning; aggression toward others; academic achievement; and high-risk, health-compromising behaviors). Through growth curve models estimated using partial least squares latent variable analysis, we examine multiple pathways through which violence exposure influences adolescent outcomes. The focus on proximal, modifiable variables ultimately can be used to inform intervention and prevention programs for adolescents exposed to violence.