Modalities of the Absolute: Spinoza, Hegel, Marx

本研究的中心焦点是模态逻辑与斯宾诺莎、黑格尔和马克思的绝对思维之间的关系。我们要问的是，在马克思的哲学中，有多少绝对的形象与斯宾诺莎的“第三种知识”和黑格尔的“绝对认识”（或“绝对方法”）相一致。该研究将调查是否通过模态逻辑问题来接近这三个哲学体系提供了对它们处理绝对问题的方式的补充阅读。本研究将首先比较斯宾诺莎的直觉知识（作为对上帝的理智的爱；上帝与自然的同一性）与黑格尔的绝对知识（超越表征思想/主客体分离）和内在自决，然后将两者与马克思对革命主体的理解（超越主体（活动）和客体（活动）的分离）。调查他们之间的趋同和分歧，并遵循Balibar将他们三人视为跨个体思想家的阅读，他们将本体论，政治，伦理学和政治经济学作为关系的构成函数，本研究将询问所有三个哲学系统中模态逻辑的方法方法在多大程度上将每个哲学系统中的绝对时刻结合在一起。通过调查所有三个系统中的绝对时刻是否提出了亚里士多德/康德/启蒙运动模态逻辑的替代模态，该研究将调查这种替代逻辑在多大程度上允许这些思想家提出内在社会理性的替代概念。它还将询问这种内在社会理性的替代概念是否可以告知人类社会性的跨学科方法，作为社会存在内在的关怀/伦理的潜在女权主义政治，合并不同的哲学类别，如本体论，认识论，政治和伦理。

The central focus of the proposed research is the relation between modal logic and the thinking of the Absolute in Spinoza, Hegel and Marx. It will ask how far Marx has a figure of the Absolute in his philosophy corresponding to the Third Kind of Knowledge in Spinoza, and to the Absolute Knowing (or the "Absolute Method") in Hegel. The research will investigate whether approaching all three philosophical systems through the problem of modal logic offers a complementary reading of the ways they engage with the problem of the absolute.The research will first compare Spinoza's Intuitive Knowledge (as intellectual love of God; identity between God and Nature) with Hegel's Absolute Knowing (beyond representational thought/separation of subject and object) and Immanent Self-Determination, and then both with the understanding of the Revolutionary Subject in Marx (going beyond the separation of subject(ivity) and object(ivity)). Investigating the convergences and divergences between them and following Balibar's reading of all three of them as transindividual thinkers who articulate ontology, politics, ethics and political economy as constitutive function of relations, this research will ask how far the methodological approaches to modal logic in all three philosophical systems bind together the absolute moments in each of them. By investigating whether the Absolute moments in all three systems propose an alternative modality to Aristotelian/Kantian/Enlightenment modal logic, the research will investigate how far this alternative logic allows these thinkers to propose an alternative notion of immanent social rationality. It will also ask whether this alternative notion of immanent social rationality can inform an interdisciplinary approach to human sociality as a potentially feminist politics of care/ethics immanent to social being, merging distinctive philosophical categories such as ontology, epistemology, politics and ethics.