Probing the dynamics of hydrothermal systems at polar active volcanic calderas and their role in volcanic unrest (ref 4593)

项目背景火山爆发对世界上约10%的人口构成威胁。为了能够预测火山爆发，进行灾害评估和减轻风险，对火山动荡的透彻了解至关重要。活火山区，特别是破火山口，通常与热液系统的存在有关，热液系统可以与活动岩浆侵入或更新的岩浆供应相结合或独立地驱动火山动荡，从而解释观察到的动荡信号（例如，变形、地震活动、脱气）问题。极地和次极地火山口（例如，冰岛的Krafla和Torfajökull;南极洲的Deception岛）由于极端气候条件和冰雪覆盖的存在而增加了复杂性，这影响了其热液系统的水补给，应力应变分布以及火山喷发的产物等。与低纬度的火山口相比，仍然有很多要了解的热液系统动力学在极地/次极地活跃calderas.Project的目的和MethodsThis项目将询问极地和次极地火山口热液系统的特点，以提高他们的动力学如何决定或影响火山动荡的地球物理迹象的理解。使用传热，流体流动和固体/岩石力学的数值模拟，学生将评估裂缝，火山构造，冰川负荷和其他热液循环及其表面和地下表现的作用（例如，火山变形、地震活动和应力分布）。欺骗岛和托法冰盖火山是两个主要的案例研究;研究结果将用于指导今后对火山动荡的评估，包括火山活动的类型、数量和地点。项目内有灵活性，以适应项目设计根据个别学生的兴趣和专业知识。

Project BackgroundVolcanic eruptions pose a threat to ~10% of the world's population. To enable eruption forecasting, carry out hazard assessments, and mitigate risk, a thorough understanding of volcanic unrest is essential. Active volcanic areas, and calderas in particular, are commonly related to the presence of hydrothermal systems, which can drive volcanic unrest in combination with, or independent of, active magmatic intrusions or renewed magma supply, making the interpretation of observed unrest signals (e.g., deformation, seismicity, degassing) problematic. Polar and sub-polar calderas (e.g., Krafla and Torfajökull, Iceland; Deception Island, Antarctica) have added complications arising from extreme climate conditions and the presence of ice/snow cover, which affect the water recharge of their hydrothermal systems, stress-strain distributions, and the products of their eruptions, amongst others. Compared to lower-latitude calderas, there is still much to understand about hydrothermal system dynamics at polar/sub-polar active calderas.Project Aims and MethodsThis project will interrogate the peculiarities of polar and sub-polar caldera hydrothermal systems to improve understanding of how their dynamics dictate or impact geophysical signs of volcanic unrest. Using numerical modelling of heat transfer, fluid flow and solid/rock mechanics, the student will assess the role of fractures, volcano-tectonics, glacial loading, and others on hydrothermal circulation and its surface and subsurface manifestations (e.g., volcano deformation, seismicity, and stress distributions). Deception Island and Torfajökull volcano form the two main case studies; results will be used to help guide future assessments of volcanic unrest, including the type, amount and location of volcanic events. There is flexibility within the project to adapt project design according to individual student interests and expertise.