Beyond the Margins: the Off-modern in the writings of Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc.

根据法国作家西蒙·德·波伏娃和维奥莱特·勒杜克之前被忽视的四部关键的再版、遗作和之前被忽视的作品，该项目通过一个新的批评视角重新评估这些作家对女性友谊、身份和性行为的描述：理论家斯维特拉娜·博伊姆的概念“非现代”，为波伏娃-勒杜克学术提供了一种原创的干预。“非现代”杂志重新审视了关于“非传统”女性关系/主体性的文章，与其说是“离奇”，不如说是为理解女性如何体验自我提供了新的方式。我对文学/哲学女性内在联系的批判性重新审视，通过展示以前被认为是个人/学者禁区的著作的更广泛的哲学意义，改变了学术界对波伏娃-勒杜克的理解。这项研究在西蒙·德·波伏娃和维奥莱特·勒杜克的作品中提出了对女性主体性、性和友谊的新审视，探索了关于女性内部关系(例如，童年/成年/死后)的伦理和美学问题。关于死后的初级文本的学术研究很少，这些文本是半自传式的作品，分别与波伏娃和勒杜克亲密的少女时代友谊有关。由于20世纪50年代的(自我)审查制度，《Thérèse et Isabelle》(Leduc)仅于2000年出版，《Les Inéparables》(Beauva)于2020年出版。随着新出版物的发行，如波伏娃的《Lettres d‘amitié》，再版出版物，如Leduc的《Trésorsàprendre》，以及目前的LGBTQ+和关于波伏娃的女权主义著作(Manon Garcia，Eddouard Louis和Caroline Criado-Perez)，这些作家迅速获得了公共学术界的关注(声称是波伏娃)。我们迫切需要对这一新材料进行研究，因为它展示了作者对女性身份的理解的更复杂的形象，并有助于我们今天对女性身份的理解。我的分析从Svetlana Boym的解释理论--“非现代”开始，它探索了“日常”中的哲学。博伊姆的非现代理论是无价的，因为它从21世纪女性的角度评估了被审查或边缘化的故事中的“女性”友谊、亲密关系和透视主义。因此，它对于揭示作者亲密文本的详细洞察是不可或缺的，使我们能够更好地理解他们对主体性的立场和表达，而这些立场和表达以前是通过审查制度隐藏的。选定的文本具有重要意义，因为它们以互补和启发性的方式讨论妇女的主体性/关系。我的阅读纠正了批评中的盲点，重新思考了我们对作者的立场。第一章通过自我/他者的二元性来分析童年时期的亲密友谊。这将学术的重点从陈词滥调的波伏娃和萨特的二元组转移到西蒙娜和扎扎的配对上(扎扎是波伏娃的童年朋友)，并重新评估了特雷瑟和伊莎贝尔的审查关系，从而发现了挥之不去的非传统亲密友谊(杰斐逊2016)。第二章探讨了叙事视角如何通过对过去的描述，例如，他者成为过去的自己，改变了作者在《后宫》中对自我的认知。这些自传阐明了作者与女性关系的变化，因为她们的主体性随着时间的推移而发生变化。第三章考察了作者在旅行中遇到新情况/新人时的自我和关系是如何变化的。TP/AJJ提供了关于波伏娃和勒杜克关于主观性如何与空间相关的思考的新发现。

In light of four key republished, posthumous, and previously overlooked works by French authors Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc, this project re-evaluates these authors' depictions of female friendship, identity and sexuality through a new critical lens: theorist Svetlana Boym's concept the 'off-modern', providing an original intervention into Beauvoir-Leduc scholarship. The 'off-modern' reconsiders writings about 'unconventional' women's relationships/subjectivity, less as 'outlandish', but rather offering up new ways of understanding how women experience their selfhoods. My critical re-examination of literary/philosophical intra-female bonds changes scholarly understanding of Beauvoir-Leduc, by showing the wider philosophical significance of writings previously considered personal/off-limits to scholars. This research proposes a new examination of female subjectivity, sexuality, and friendship in Simone de Beauvoir and Violette Leduc's writings, exploring ethical and aesthetic questions about intra-female relationships (e.g., childhood/adulthood/posthumous). Little scholarship exists on the posthumous primary texts, which are semi-autobiographical writings, respectively relating to Beauvoir and Leduc's intensely intimate girlhood friendships. Due to (self-)censorship in the 1950s, 'Thérèse et Isabelle' (Leduc) was only published in 2000 and 'Les Inséparables' (Beauvoir) in 2020. With the release of new publications e.g. Beauvoir's 'Lettres d'amitié', republications e.g. Leduc's 'Trésors à prendre', and current LGBTQ+ and feminist writings on Beauvoir (by Manon Garcia, Édouard Louis and Caroline Criado-Perez), these authors are rapidly gaining (reclaiming for Beauvoir) public-academic attention. A study is urgently required into this new material as it illustrates a more complex image of the authors' understanding of 'womanhood' and contributes to our comprehension of 'womanhood' today. My analysis begins through Svetlana Boym's interpretative theory, the 'off-modern', which explores the philosophical in the 'everyday'. Boym's off-modern theory is invaluable since it evaluates 'feminine' friendships, intimacy and perspectivism in censored or marginalised stories from a 21st-century female viewpoint. It therefore is indispensable for revealing detailed insight on our authors' intimate texts, allowing us to better understand their positions on and expressions of subjectivity, previously hidden through censorship. The chosen texts are significant as they address women's subjectivity/relationships in a complementary and revelatory manner. My reading redresses blindspots in criticism, and reconsiders our standpoint of the authors. Chapter 1 analyses intimate childhood friendships through the self/Other duality. This shifts scholarship's focus from the clichéd Beauvoir-Sartre binary onto a Simone-Zaza pairing (Zaza was Beauvoir's childhood friend) and reassesses Thérèse-Isabelle's censored relationship, thus uncovering unconventional intimate friendships that 'linger in margins' (Jefferson 2016). Chapter 2 explores how narrative perspectives alter the authors' perceptions of their selfhood in LB/MJFR through depictions of the past e.g., the Other becoming a past-self. These autobiographies illuminate the authors' changing relationships with women as their subjectivity shifts through time. Chapter 3 examines how the authors' selfhood and relationships transform when travelling as they encounter new situations/people. TP/AJJ offer new findings on Beauvoir and Leduc's considerations of how subjectivity relates to space.