Learning to care: the moral development of paid care work in Singapore Field: Anthropology

尽管它是生活的中心，但我们对如何成为照顾者以及如何使照顾者成为关心他人的人知之甚少。现有的护理人类学和护理伦理学文献倾向于分别研究护理的伦理道德，政治经济和具体维度。此外，现有的方法往往把照顾作为一种情感认知能力，人们本质上能够行使，忽视了照顾的学习方式。这些理论上的缺陷使我们无法理解如何实现全面护理和促进关爱社会。如果我们要解决老年人护理的明显不足，就需要采取一种突出护理道德发展的综合办法。我的目标是解决这个问题，通过研究如何在新加坡的护理工作者学习照顾老人-他们如何发展的身体和认知方式的照顾的道德技能，以及如何这一过程可能是由老年护理经济，物质环境，当地的道德世界观，和占主导地位的护理意识形态。通过关注有偿护理工作而不是自愿护理，我突出了与有偿护理相关的道德模糊性。此外，通过关注新加坡的多民族背景，其中很大一部分护理工作是由来自中低收入亚洲国家的移民工人完成的，我希望追踪当关于如何护理的多种道德交叉时出现的困境。为了实现这一目标，我的目标是问：1）护理人员在照顾老年人时面临的道德斗争是什么？2)他们如何学会以具体的方式应对护理工作的日常道德挑战？3)社会文化纠葛、物质环境和关爱经济如何塑造他们的经历？我的目标是通过兼职工作作为一个护理工作者和观察同事护理工作者在多个老年护理设置在新加坡-在养老院，家庭之家，和辅助生活设施来研究这些问题。通过学习照顾的直接经验，我希望不仅检查体现护理发展的触觉，非语言和非视觉元素，但更重要的是，促进团结和信任，可以帮助在学习照顾更亲密的人种学的同事护理工作者。我还打算与护理工作者和当地移民工人活动家组织共同设计护理教学法，为护理组织和政策制定者如何支持护理工作者发展和护理实践提供具体建议。

Despite its centrality to life, little is known of how we become carers and how to enable caring people. Existing literature on the anthropology of care and ethics of care tends to examine the ethical-moral, political-economic, and embodied dimensions of care separately. Furthermore, existing approaches often treat care as an emotional-cognitive capacity that people are intrinsically able to exercise, overlooking the ways in which care is learnt. These theoretical shortcomings prevent us from understanding how to enable care holistically and foster caring societies. If we are to address the evident deficit of care for the aged, an integrative approach that foregrounds the moral development of care is needed. I aim to address this by examining how care workers in Singapore learn to care for the aged - how they develop the moral skills of caring in bodily and cognitive ways, and how this process might be shaped by aged care economies, material environments, local moral worldviews, and dominant care ideologies. By focusing on paid care work rather than voluntary care, I foreground the moral ambiguities associated with being paid to care. Moreover, by focusing on Singapore's multi-ethnic context, where a significant portion of care work is performed by migrant workers from lower-to-middleincome Asian countries, I hope to trace the dilemmas that emerge when multiple moralities regarding how to care, intersect. To achieve this, I aim to ask: 1) what are the moral struggles care workers face in caring for older people? 2) how do they learn to navigate the everyday moral challenges of care work in embodied ways? 3) how do socio-cultural entanglements, material environments and care economies shape their experiences? I aim to examine these questions by working part-time as a care worker and observing fellow care workers across multiple aged care settings in Singapore - in a nursing home, family homes, and assisted living facilities. Through the direct experience of learning to care, I hope not only to examine the haptic, non-linguistic and non-visual elements of embodied care development but more critically, to foster solidarity and trust with fellow care workers that can aid in a more intimate ethnography of learning to care. I also aim to co-design a pedagogy of care with care workers and local migrant worker activist organisations that will provide concrete recommendations for how care organisations and policymakers can support care workers in their development and practice of care.