Access to (Digital) Cultural Heritage as a Human Right?

拟议的研究旨在解决应如何从人权角度理解和管理获取数字文化遗产的问题。这项研究将探讨如何在数字时代解释和执行与文化遗产有关的人权法律措施，这反过来又将为将数字文化遗产视为值得对物质文化遗产给予同样的关注和关注奠定基础。这种方法使研究人员能够探索数字技术和数字环境带来了哪些新的机会和权利享受。为了缩小研究范围并展示其实用和注重影响的方面，这项研究将对博物馆在数字获取文化遗产收藏品方面的做法进行实证审查。在人权范围内界定获取和所有权，并使这些权利符合数字时代，将有助于揭示监管政策的差距和不足，使更具包容性的数字文化遗产管理措施能够平衡不同利益攸关方的相互竞争的权利，并在开放获取文化遗产方面确保更广泛的公共利益。文化遗产的大规模数字化被认为既是有益的，也是民主化的，因为通过在线收藏改善了公众获取机会。然而，将实物的数字复制品的存在等同于可访问性，将数字文化遗产狭隘地理解为能够在任何时间从任何地方获取信息，而不需要亲自前往。矛盾的是，这种理解是基于一种模拟世界的思维模式，并不能满足数字时代的挑战和可能性，在数字时代，最关键的能力是公众下载、分享、使用和重新使用信息的能力。为了克服这种狭隘的理解，各机构采取了开放获取倡议，这些倡议通常基于知识产权制度，这些制度本身就与非西方社区的观点和传统文化表现形式中的社区权利相矛盾。此外，如果没有出现知识产权来限制数字文化遗产的获取和再利用，其他挑战就会被放大。这项研究将通过人权视角调查这些问题，这将使人们能够更全面、更平衡地看待这些问题。这使研究人员能够从国家、文化机构、族裔群体和弱势群体的合法利益的角度来考虑数字文化遗产，目的是创造一条更公正的获取文化遗产的途径，从而为数字遗产的创建、管理和参与建立更具包容性的框架。这项研究将对有关获取文化遗产的国际和国家人权立法进行文献审查和理论分析，以确定这些立法如何适用于数字文化遗产。在此之后，使用经验方法的案头研究将收集有关博物馆做法、规则和获取数字遗产的政策的定量和定性数据。将对“数字贝宁”和“其他Nefertiti”等项目进行批判性分析，作为个案研究，从试图通过数字干预获取文化遗产和恢复土著社区的自决等权利的角度进行研究。此外，对通过俄罗斯帝国主义掠夺的文化遗产和俄罗斯博物馆将其数字化、物品的位置和对数字格式信息的所有权进行的比较分析，将说明拟议的人权方法如何用于解决当代的不平等和认知性暴力问题。这项研究将提供必要的法律和实践背景，以支持新的监管和遗产管理手段，以更加灵活、合乎道德和包容的方式获取数字遗产。

The proposed research aims to tackle how access to digital cultural heritage should be understood and regulated from a human rights perspective. The research will explore how human rights legal measures related to cultural heritage can be interpreted and enforced in the digital age, which in turn will establish grounds for treating digital cultural heritage as worthy of receiving the same care and attention paid to physical cultural heritage. Such an approach allows the researcher to explore what new opportunities and rights enjoyments are made possible by digital technologies and digital environments. To narrow the research scope and demonstrate its practical and impact-focused dimensions, the study will undertake an empirical examination of museum practices on digital access to cultural heritage collections. Framing access and ownership within a human rights context and bringing those rights in line with the digital age will help illuminate gaps and shortcomings of regulatory policies and where more inclusive measures for digital cultural heritage management can balance the competing rights of various stakeholders, as well as secure wider public interests in open access to cultural heritage. The mass digitisation of cultural heritage is perceived as both beneficial and democratising due to improving public access through online collections. However, the existence of a digital copy of a physical object is equated with accessibility is a narrow understanding of digital cultural heritage as the ability to obtain information from any place at any time without requiring a physical visit. Paradoxically, this understanding is based on an analogue-world mindset and does not meet the challenges and possibilities of the digital age where the most crucial ability is the public's ability to download, share, use and re-use the information. To overcome this narrow understanding, institutions adopt open access initiatives, which are commonly based on intellectual property systems that are inherently contradictory to perspectives of non-western communities and community rights in traditional cultural expressions. Moreover, when intellectual property rights do not arise to limit access to and reuse of digital cultural heritage, other challenges are amplified. The research will investigate the questions through a human rights lens, which allows for a holistic and more balanced view. This enables the researcher to consider digital cultural heritage from the perspective of the legitimate interests of states, cultural institutions, ethnic groups, and vulnerable communities with the aim of creating a more just route to accessing cultural heritage and thereby more inclusive frameworks to digital heritage creation, management and engagement. The research will undertake a literature review and doctrinal analysis of international and national human rights legislation on access to cultural heritage to identify how they might apply to digital cultural heritage. Following this, desk-based research using empirical methods will gather quantitative and qualitative data on museum practices, rules, and policies on access to digital heritage. Projects like "Digital Benin" and "Other Nefertiti" will be critically analysed as case studies from the perspective of attempts to access cultural heritage and restore rights, such as self-determination, to communities of origin through digital interventions. Moreover, the comparative analysis with cultural heritage dispossessed through Russian imperialism and their digitisation by Russian museums, the location of the objects and ownership over information expressed in the digital format, will inform how the proposed human rights approach can be used to resolve the contemporary inequities and epistemic violence. This research will provide the legal and practical background necessary to support new regulatory and heritage management tools for more flexible, ethical and inclusive access to digital heritage.