Anti-doping education in the wake of the International Standard for Education: A case study of British karate

拟议的项目旨在评估英国空手道联合会如何应对世界反兴奋剂机构在2021年引入的国际教育标准（ISE）。ISE是一份详细介绍世界反兴奋剂机构反兴奋剂教育计划要求的文件，包含4个关键组成部分和全面指导。这一领域对于反兴奋剂研究非常重要，因为迄今为止很少有研究评估反兴奋剂教育计划的有效性，而那些已经这样做的研究是在ISE之前进行的。此外，到目前为止，该领域的大多数研究都研究了与兴奋剂有关的心理因素，但评估这些因素如何在现有的反兴奋剂教育中得到解决的研究几乎不存在。尤其重要的是，将这些发现应用于武术，并研究反兴奋剂教育如何能够满足ISE的要求，因为由于武术运动的性质和比赛的身体压力，武术运动更容易接触到提高成绩的物质。拟议的项目将与英国空手道联合会合作进行，由于研究人员本人练习空手道，与英国空手道联合会有着长期的联系。拟议的项目需要使用混合方法格式进行三项研究。第一项研究将使用半结构化访谈和专题分析来调查空手道廉洁体育教育的现状。然后，研究2将使用结构方程模型测试空手道中的兴奋剂行为模型，其变量基于Ntoumanis及其同事（2014年）的一项关键荟萃分析的更新版本，该分析将兴奋剂相关态度、规范、自我监管效力和道德脱轨作为兴奋剂行为的关键预测因素。最后，研究3旨在将研究1和研究2结合起来，通过定量检验反兴奋剂教育是否影响空手道运动中反兴奋剂知识和研究2中确定的关键变量。

The proposed project aims to assess how the British Karate Federation has responded the the WADA's International Standard for Education (ISE), following its introduction in 2021. The ISE is a document detailing the WADA's requirements for anti-doping education programmes, with 4 key components and comprehensive guidance. This area is of importance for anti-doping research, as few studies so far have evaluated the effectiveness of anti-doping education programmes, and those to have done so were conducted prior to the ISE.Further, the majority of studies in the field have so far studied psychological factors linked to doping, but studies assessing how these factors are addressed in existing anti-doping education are virtually non-existent. In particular, it is important to apply these findings to martial arts and examine how anti-doping education can address the ISE's requirements, as martial arts receive higher exposure to performance-enhancing substances due to the nature of these sports and the physical strain of competition. The proposed project is to be conducted in collaboration with the British Karate Federation, with whom the researcher has a long-standing contact by virtue of practising karate herself.The proposed project entails three studies using a mixed-methods format. The first study will investigate the state of clean sport education in karate using semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis. Study 2 will then test a model of doping behaviour in karate using structural equational modelling, with variables based on the updated version of a key meta-analysis by Ntoumanis and colleagues (2014) that posited doping-related attitudes, norms, self-regulatory efficacy, and moral disengagement as key predictors of doping behaviours. Finally, Study 3 will aim to bring together Studies 1 and 2, by quantitatively testing whether anti-doping education influence anti-doping knowledge and key variables identified in Study 2 in the sport of karate,